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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What depends on how a virus will bind to certain cells? | viral envelope glycoprotein |
| What is the pathogenesis of serum sickness? | deposition of circulating complement-fixing immune complexes and vasculitis; sx: fever, arthralgias, pruritic skin rash, low C3 |
| What is the enzyme deficiency in Fabry's disease? Sx? | alpha-galactoside A, accumulation of globoside ceramide trihexoside; sx: hypohidrosis, angiokeratomas, acroparesthesias, renal failure |
| What is the function of HPV viral proteins E6 and E7? | Integrate into genome, bind, and inactivate gene products of p53 and Rb |
| How much energy is released in the oxidation of 1 g of fat? | 9 kcal |
| How much energy is released in the oxidation of 1 g of carbohydrate? protein? | 4 kcal for both |
| In Kwashiorkor, what causes the fatty liver? | no apolipoproteins to assemble and secrete VLDLs |
| Where in the liver does 25-OH of cholecalciferol occur? | CYP450 system (but induction actually enhances METABOLISM and leads to deficiency) |
| What effect does vit E toxicity have on coagulation? | decreased synthesis of vitK dependent procoagulation factors |
| What is the best vitamin to neutralize hydroxyl free radicals? | vit C |
| What is the only bile acid that is not reabsorbed in the terminal ileum? | lithocholic acid - may have role in colorectal cancer |
| What oncogene is associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung? | L-myc (transcription factor) |
| What happens to the spinal cord in Friedrich Ataxia? | DRG degenerate, trans-synaptic degeneration in the ipsilateral gracile and cuneate nuclei |
| Why is Acebutolol contraindicated in a pt with angina? | has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and acts as a partial agonist; maintains high O2 consumption |
| What is the formula for appropriate compensation for metabolic acidosis? | PCO2 = 1.5 (HCO3) + 8 +/- 2 |
| What is the appropriate compensation for Respiratory acidosis? | ACUTE: 1 HCO3 for every 10 PCO2 increase; CHRONIC: 4 HCO3 for every 10 PCO2 increase |
| What is the appropriate compensation for Respiratory alkalosis? | ACUTE: 2 HCO3 for every 10 PCO2 decrease; CHRONIC: 5 HCO3 for every 10 PCO2 decrease |
| What is the appropriate compensation for metabolic alkalosis? | 0.7 PCO2 for every 1 HCO3 increase |
| What ID is associated with MPGN Type I? | HBV |
| What are the three stages of acute tubular necrosis? | initiating event, maintenance (oliguric), recovery (re-epithelialization) |
| In what stage of ATN do most patients die? why? | oliguric; hyperkalemia causes arrhythmias |
| What are some clinical findings of uremia? | incr BUN/Cr, nausea, anorexia, pericarditis, asterixis, encephalopathy, plt dysfunction |
| What is the pathogenesis of osteitis fibrosis cystic? | hypo vit D, 2ndary HPT, incr bone resorption leads to cystic lesions that may hemorrhage (brown tumors) |
| Name some drugs that are implicated in sulfa allergy. | Acetazoloamide, Sulfonamides, Furosemide, HCTZ, sulfasalazine |
| Why should ACE-I be avoided in a pt with bilateral renal artery stenosis? | prevent constriction of efferent arterioles and will decrease GFR |
| What are some functions of ANP? | suppresses ADH release, inhibits ATII effect on thirst and aldosterone, vasodilates peripheral resistance vessels, direct inhibition of Na reabsorption in kidneys, suppression of renin release |
| Why are pts with Bartter's syndrome normotensive even though renin is increased? | hypokalemia stimulates prostaglandin synthesis which causes hyperplasia of JG apparatus but also vasodialtes arterioles |
| How is demeclocycline used to tx a paraneoplastic syndrome of small cell lung cancer? | inhibits effect of ADH on collecting tubules |
| What is the chi-square test used for? | to compare differences between two proportions or percentages |
| What is the t-test used for? | to compare differences between two means |
| Which TB drug causes red urine and staining of contact lenses? | Rifampin |
| What is the course of the ureters as they enter the true pelvis? | lateral to internal iliac vessels, medial to gonadal vessels, pass over external iliac vessles, pass under uterine vessels (water under bridge) |
| Which viruses are capable of genetic reassortment? | RNA segmented viruses (reovirus, orthomxyovirus, arenavirus, bunyavirus) |
| What does HDV need before it can infect hepatocytes? | HBsAg viral coat |
| What is the formula for Confidence Interval? | CI = Mean+/-1.96SD/sq rt (n) |
| What is the major virulence factor for S. pyogenes? | Protein M; inhibits phagocytosis and complement activation, mediates bacterial adherence |
| What are the morphologic findings of Pilocytic astrocytoma? | cystic tumor of spindle cells w/ hair-like glial processes; rosenthal fibers and granular eosinophlic bodies |
| What are the morphologic findings of Medulloblastoma? | small poorly differentiated cells arranged as HW rosettes around blood vessels |
| Why does alkalosis cause muscle tetany? | increased number of charges on albumin displace Ca from ionized fraction form to bound fraction form |
| What causes myxedema? | increase in hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate (stimulated by T cell cytokines to be released from fibroblasts in Grave's disease) |
| What causes pulmonary edema in septic shock? | neutrophil transmigration through pulmonary capillaries into alveoli |
| What is the best indicator of tissue hypoxia? | decreased mixed venous O2 content; decreased blood flow through microcirculation causes increased O2 extraction from blood |
| What does a lesion in the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei lead to? | obesity and aggressive behavior |
| What is the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced steatosis? | decr FFA oxidation, incr NADH production |
| What factors released from platelets stimulate recruitment and growth of smooth muscle cells? | PDGF (mitogenic and chemotactic), TGF-beta (chemotactic) |
| What is the pathogenesis of a Zenker diverticulum? | cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction impairs relaxation, incr pressure in lumen causes mucosa to herniate at points of muscular weakness |
| What are some consequences of upregulation of PPAR-gamma by thiazolidinediones? | incr adiponectin, incr fatty acid transport protein, incr insulin receptor substrate, incr GLUT-4 |
| What is contained in Thayer Martin medium? What does it select for? | Vancomycin - kill gram (+), colisitin and trim - kill gram (-), nystatin - kill fungal organisms; selects for N. gonorrhoeae |
| What is the pathogenesis of acute rejection? | Host T cell sensitization against graft MHC antigens |
| Which type of lipoprotein deficiency confers no increased risk of atherosclerosis? | Type I: lipoprotein lipase or ApoCII deficiency; causes acute pancreatitis |
| What connects osteocytes in adjacent haversian systems? | canaliculi contain processes that communicate via gap junctions |
| What are the typical biochemical abnormalities seen in Addison's disease? | hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic acidosis |
| Define the satellite phenomenon that occurs when S. aureus and H. flu are grown on the same medium. | S. aureus cleaves RBCs to produce hematin (X factor) and produce NAD (V factor); H. flu grows around colonies of S. aureus |
| Severe IgA deficiency predisposes the pt to which parasitic infection? | Chronic giardiasis |
| What is the function of the D-xylose test? | to differentiate b/w malabsorption due to pancreatic insufficiency or GI mucosal issue (D-xylose is a monosaccharide and does not require pancreatic enzymes) |
| What is the formula for cadiac output? | SV*HR or O2 consumption/AV O2 difference |
| How does 2,3 BPG bind to Hgb? | Binds in pocket formed by two beta chains that contains (+) charged residues such as His to bind to the (-) phosphate groups |
| What creates the alpha helix and beta pleated sheet secondary conformation of proteins? | hydrogen bonds (1 every 4th AA in alpha, and b/w all resides of antiparallel strands in beta) |
| What is imparied in carnitine deficiency? | beta oxidation of FFA (in mitochondria) and formation of ketone bodies |
| In what pathway is transketolase involved in? | HMP shunt; pentose --> glyceraldehyde3P |
| Which GABA receptor is linked to a G protein? What drugs binds to it? | B; Baclofen |
| What is the preferred prophylaxis of persons exposed to N. meningitidis? | Rifampin |
| What are the clinical findings of Caudal Regression Syndrome? | flaccid paralysis, urinary incontinence, dorsiflexed contractures of feet |
| How can encapsulated strains of S. pneumoniae acquire genetic material that codes for the capsule? | transformation - take up free DNA from media |
| What is the classic clinical presentation of cardiac tamponade? | hypotension, tachycardia, elevated venous pressure (JVD) |
| What vitamin can aid in the tx of homocystinuria? | pyridoxine (vit B 6) |
| What are some of the clinical findings of homocystinuria? | thromboembolic episodes, ectopia lentis, elongated limbs, arachnodactyly, scoliosis |
| What are the classic clinical findings of atheroembolic disease of the renal arteries? | cyanic toe, incr Cr in an elderly pt following an invasive vascular procedure |
| What are the side effects of Foscarnet? | it is an analog of pyrophosphate, so it chelates Ca and promoes Mg wasting |
| How are HIV envelope glycoproteins formed? | env gene --> polypeptide product glycosylated to gp160 --> cleaved w/in ER and golgi --> gp120 and gp41 |
| What is the formula for specificity? | TN/(TN + FP) |
| What is the formula for sensitivity? | TP/(TP + FN) |
Created by:
ash0403
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