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Pharmacology Basics

TermDefinition
Active absorption requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient. This process requires the use of ATP (energy).
Adverse reaction undesirable effects that are more severe than side effects
Agonists drugs that produce a response
Antagonist drugs that block a response
Bioavailability the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation
Creatinine clearance the most accurate test to determine renal function. Normal creatinine clearance is 85 to 135 mL/min. Decreasing levels are associated with reduced renal function.
Disintegration the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
Dissolution the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption
Distribution the process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues
Duration of action the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect
Elimination the removal of an administered drug from the body
Free drugs drugs not bound to protein and are active
Half-life (t½) - the time it takes for one-half of the drug concentration to be eliminated
High therapeutic index drugs with a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects
Loading dose a large initial dose of the drug is given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma
Low therapeutic index drugs with a narrow margin of safety
Metabolism the phase of the biochemical transformation of the drug where it is broken down into useable parts
Nonselective drugs drugs that affect various receptors
Nonspecific drugs drugs that affect various sites
Onset of action the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration after a drug is administered
Passive absorption an action that occurs by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration)
Peak action when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration
Peak drug level the highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time
Pharmaceutic phase the drug becomes a solution so that it can cross the biological membrane
Pharmacodynamics the study of drug concentration and its effects on the body (what a drug does to the body)
Pharmacokinetics the process of drug movement to achieve drug action (what the body does to the drug)
Pinocytosis a process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing
Protein-binding effect the portion of the drug that is bound is inactive and unavailable to receptors
Rate limiting the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it
Side effects physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects
Tachyphylaxis a rapid decrease in response to the drug. Ex: narcotics
Therapeutic index estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective does (ED) in 50% of persons (ED50) and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of animals (LD50). The closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the danger of toxicity.
Therapeutic range (therapeutic window) between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration
Time response curve - evaluates three parameters of drug action
Tolerance decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy
Toxic effects / toxicity when the drug level exceeds the therapeutic range
Through drug level the lowest plasma concentration of a drug and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated
Created by: MrsReynolds
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