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Medical Terminology
Chapter 5 Neurology and Psychiatry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cerebr/o | brain |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum; region of the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements |
| lobes | sections of the brain |
| hemispheres | the brain divided into two halves |
| dura | the tough outer membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| meninges | the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| gangli/o | nerve bundle |
| neur/o | nerve |
| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow; Greek meaning "the innermost part" |
| phren/o, psych/o | mind |
| esthesi/o | feeling/sensation |
| phas/o | speech |
| -mania | excessive desire |
| -phobia | excessive fear or sensitivity |
| gnosi/o | to know |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| tax/o | arrangement, order, corrdination |
| ton/o | muscle tone, tension, pressure |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| -paresis | slight or partial paralysis |
| somn/o, hypn/o | sleep |
| syncope | fainting |
| aphasia, dysphasia | difficulty speaking |
| catatonia | condition characterized by reduced muscle tone |
| delirium | brief loss of mental function |
| dementia | permanent loss or decline in mental function |
| dyskinesia | difficulty moving |
| dyslexia | a learning disability involving difficulties in acquiring and processing language that is typically manifested by a lack of proficiency in reading, spelling, and writing |
| insomnia | inability to sleep |
| myoclonus | muscle twitching |
| myospasm | involuntary muscle contraction |
| neurasthenia | nerve weakness |
| somnambulism | sleep walking |
| neuroalgia or neurodynia | nerve pain |
| hemiparesis | partial paralysis on half the body |
| hemiplegia | complete paraylysis on half the body |
| paralysis | complete loss of sensation or motor function |
| paresthesia | abnormal sensation (usually numbness or tingling in the skin) |
| acrophobia | fear of heights |
| agoraphobia | fear of outdoor spaces |
| hydrophobia | fear of water |
| kleptomania | desire to steal |
| photophobia | excessive sensitivity to light |
| pyromania | desire to set fire |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | diagnostic procedure to examine the electrical activity of the brain (used to diagnose seizure activity) |
| lumbar puncture (LP) | Diagnostic procedure: inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in order to collect spinal fluid. also called "spinal tap" |
| cerebral angiography | procedure used to examine blood vessels in the brain |
| Myelogram | Image of the spinal cord; usually done using X-ray |
| hematoma | a tumorlike mass made up of blood (can be a bruise) |
| crania hematoma | a hematoma beneath the skull |
| subdural hematoma | a hematoma located beneath the dura |
| macrocephally | abnormally large head |
| microcephaly | abnormally small head |
| meningocele | a hernia of the meninges |
| myelocele | a hernia of the spinal cord |
| malacia | softening |
| myeleomalacia | abnormal softening of the spinal cord. |
| neuritis | nerve inflammation |
| neurosclerosis | hardening of the nerves |
| agnosia | inability to comprehend |
| apathy | lack of emotion |
| nystagmus | involuntary back and forth eye movements |
| anesthesiologist | doctor who specializes in anesthesiology |
| afferent nerve | nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system |
| efferent nerve | a nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system |
| neruogenic | originating from/ created by nerves |
| psychiatrist | doctor who specializes in the treatment of the mind (can prescribe medications) |
| psychiatry | branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of the mind |
| psychologist | doctor who specializes in the study of the mind (cannot prescribe medications) |
| psychology | branch of medicine that focuses on the study of the mind |
| psychosomatic | pertaining to the relationship between the body and the mind |
| idiopathic | having no known cause or origin |
| tonic | pertaining to muscle tone (normally weak or unresponsive) - can occur during a seizure |
| clonus | muscle spasm or twitching (can occur during a seizure) |
| tonic-clonic seizure | a seizure characterized by both a tonic and a clonic phase |
| intracranial hypertension | pressure in the brain; can present as a headache and vomiting |
| hemorrhagic stroke | a stroke where the blood loss is caused by the rupture of a blood vessel |
| ischemic stroke | a stroke where the blood loss is caused by a blockage |
| meningitis | infections of the tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain that is caused especially by infection with a virus (such as herpes simplex or West Nile virus) or less commonly by bacterial or fungal infection or autoimmune reaction |
| peripheral neuropathy | a disease or degenerative state of the peripheral nerves in which motor, sensory, or vasomotor nerve fibers may be affected and which is marked by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness |
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | Medical Term for "stoke" |
| stroke | a loss of brain function caused by an interruption of blood flow/supply to the brain |
| Transient ischemic attack (TIA) | "mini-stroke" caused by the blockage of a blood vessel, which resolves or goes away within 24 hours |
| Cerebrovascular disease | a disease of the blood vessels of the brain |
| Cerebral aneurysm | the widening or abnormal dilation of a blood vessel in the brain |
| cerebral arteriosclerosis | the hardening of an artery in the brain |
| cerebral atherosclerosis | the hardening of an artery in the brain caused by the buildup of fatty plaque |
| cerebral embolism | the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a foreign object (embolus) such as fat or bacteria |
| cerebral thrombosis | the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a blood clot |
| hydrocephaly | abnormal accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain |
| glioblastoma | a brain tumor arising from glioblast cells |
| meningioma | tumor of the meninges |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| ganglilitis | inflammation of the ganglion |
| intracerebral hemorrhage | excessive bleeding inside the brain |
| myelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord |
| myelopathy | disease of the spinal cord |
| neuropathy | disease of the nervous system |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (a.k.a Lou Gehrig's disease) | a degenerative disease of the central nervous system causing loss of muscle control. Literally, the hardening of the nerve cells on the sides of the spine leading to the loss of muscle tissue from disuse. |
| anorexia | an eating disorder characterized by the patient's restricting food or refusing to eat |
| autism | a psychiatric disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, as well as repetitive and/or restrictive patterns of behavior or interests. |
| bulimia | an eating disorder characterized by overeating and usually followed by forced purging or getting rid of food |
| Cerebral Palsy (CP) | paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement |
| epilepsy | a disease marked by seizures |
| dysphoria | a negative emotional state |
| euphoria | a positive emotional state |
| Manic depression (Bipolar disorder) | a psychiatric disorder characterized by alternating bouts of excitement and depression |
| narcolepsy | a disease characterized by sudden, uncontrolled sleepiness |
| schizophrenia | a mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorder speech. |
| neurosis | a mental and emotional disorder that affects only part of the personality |
| psychosis | a mind condition; usually involves some sort of break with reality; interferes with rational thought |
| analgesic | a drug that relieves pain |
| anticonvulsant | a drug the opposes or prevents seizures |
| antidepressant | a drug that opposes depression |
| antipscychotic | a drug that opposes psychoses |
| anxiolytic | a drug that lessens anxiety |
| hypnotic | a drug that aids in sleep |
| neuropharmacology | a study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system |
| pschopharmacology | a study of the effects of drugs on mental processes |
| psychotropic | drugs that are able to turn the mind |
| thrombolytic | a drug that dissolves clots |
| cerebrotomy | a surgical incision into the brain |
| chemotherapy | cancer treatment using chemicals |
| craniectomy | removal of a piece of the skull |
| lobectomy | removal of a lobe |
| lobotomy | incision into a lobe |
| neurolysis | destruction of nerve tissue |
| neuroplasty | reconstruction of a nerve |
| neurorraphy | suturing of a nerve (often the severed ends of a nerve) |
| neurotomy | incision into a nerve |
| ADHD | Attention-Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| EMG | Electromyogram |
| ICP | Intracranial Pressure |
| LOC | Level of Consciousness |
| MRA | Magnetic Resonance Angiography |
| MS | Multiple Sclerosis |
| OCD | Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
| PET | Positron Emission Tomography |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System |
| TIA | Transient Ischemic Attack |
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