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Life Science Exam 1
Part one of exam cards (Chapter 1)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| True or False: George determines that long distance runners appear to have fewer colds, and this observation proves his hypothesis that running prevents colds. | False. |
| Christina hypothesizes that cities are often located on rivers because rivers provide predictable water supplies. Which alternative hypothesis to Christina's original hypothesis could be rejected? | Cities are often located on rivers because rivers can be found almost anywhere. |
| Shantel observes that her friends who practice yoga seem to have more energy than her friends who do not practice yoga. Which prediction could be used when testing this hypothesis? | If people practice yoga, then their energy levels will increase. |
| True or False: The prediction that people who exercise will experience less depression is based on deductive reasoning. | True. |
| Which evidence supports the germ theory of disease? | The observation that eliminating H. pylori bacteria can cure most ulcers. |
| Which statement could be rejected using scientific observations? | Female ducks spend more time with ducklings than male ducks do. |
| Which person is using anecdotal evidence? | Seth's mother tells him that one type of pain reliever is better than another, because it worked much better for her. |
| Which type of information would be a primary scientific source? | An article published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal |
| True or False: A small sample size increases the likelihood that an experimental result will be significant. | False. |
| A researcher publishes the results of a study conducted on a large group of patients with chronic back pain. The results indicate a large reduction in chronic pain in patients who take a new drug. What conclusion could be drawn from this study? | The results are very likely to be both statistically and practically significant. |
| Why would a rat be an appropriate model organism to test a new treatment for human kidney disease? | Rats are mammals with biological systems similar to humans. |
| A group of nurses has volunteered to participate in a study to test the hypothesis that high doses of vitamin D promote bone health. How could the research scientist reduce the possibility of alternative explanations? | Assign individuals to the control or experimental group using a random number generator. |
| A relationship between two factors | Correlation |
| A nonhuman organism used in research | Model system |
| Data with a low probability of differences due to chance | Statistically significant result |
| A small subgroup of a population used in an experimental test | Sample |
| A measure of the variance of a sample | Standard error |
| Some believe that tea made from the Echinacea purpurea plant can reduce the symptoms cold. To study this, scientists divided participants into 2 groups: Group A, which drank the Echinacea purpurea tea, and Group B, which drank placebo tea. Group A is the | Experimental group |
| Epidemiologists often use a cross-sectional survey, a type of correlational study, to determine the presence of particular conditions and exposure to various factors. What limitations may apply to cross-sectional surveys? | 1. Participant lack of knowledge related to exposure levels. 2. Expense of performing cross-sectional surveys 3. Lack of control for other factors differing among participants. |
| The gold standard for medical research is the double-masked, placebo-controlled randomized experiment. Often, however, researchers must use correlational studies instead. Which type of correlational study is the best for investigating rare diseases? | Case-control |
| A secondary source describes recent research concerning cures for the common cold. Which sources are considered secondary sources? | 1. A newspaper article 2. A book 3. An online advertisement 4. A televised news report |
| Some researchers get financial benefits from companies. A study by a respected scientific journal found that 60% of articles in the news media don't mention this. Does this make you more/less confident that you get the “straight story” from the news? | Less confident because there is a possibility of bias. |
| After visiting your best friend on the weekend, you awaken on Monday with small red dots on your arms. When you call your friend, she suggests the rash may be caused by her new laundry soap you used. Your friend has formulated which of the following? | A testable scientific hypothesis |
| Which of the following statements is an example of deductive reasoning? | If vitamin C prevents colds, then people who take vitamin C should have fewer colds. |
| Terry’s grandfather lived to the age of 88 and smoked more than a pack of cigarettes per day throughout his adult life. When Terry tells you this as a reason why “smoking doesn’t really harm people,” you reply with which of the following? | “That’s anecdotal, not scientific, evidence.” |
| To test a hypothesis, scientists conduct ____________ in which they manipulate a(an) ____________ and observe the effects on a(an) ____________. | Experiments; independent variable; dependent variable |
| Drug A is advertised in Internet ads as “clinically proven” to reduce acne. Drug B is advertised in a dermatologist’s office as “highly effective for patients” in treating acne. Drug C is advertised as “effective” on National Institutes of Health site. | The correct option to choose is Drug C because it is endorsed on a credible government website. |
| Standard error of the mean | Measures how far the sample mean (average) of the data is likely to be from the true population mean |
| You want to know whether boys in high school are taller now than 50 years ago. You get height data from 30 boys at a local HS and records of 30 boys from 50 years ago. What might be the statistical reason that your conclusion is not stated more strongly? | One group had a much higher standard error of the mean than the other |
| Dr. believes that aloe vera cream heals wounds; her family has used it for generations. She does a study of this effect on patients at her dermatology practice. Which bias could occur, and what placebo-controlled study should she design to avoid it? | Observer bias; double-masked |
| Happy Village has a population of 300 people. A survey of 20 people attending a local dog show demonstrated that 18 of them (90%) wanted a Golden Retriever in the holiday parade. Which type of error should the mayor make sure has not occurred? | Sampling error |
| Sampling error | A statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data; sampling errors arise bc sample sizes are limited. (It is impossible to sample an entire population in a survey or a census.) |
| The first step in the publication of a scientific article is... | Developing a hypothesis, followed by putting participants into groups to conduct an experiment |
| A controlled experiment is an experiment that ______________. | Includes a control group |
| Based on the information in Chapter 1, which of the following factors has consistently been shown to prevent the common cold? | Frequent hand washing |
| Frankie and Corey are siblings. Frankie is a scientist trying to find a cure for the cold, and Corey works in an automobile repair shop. At last Sunday’s family barbecue, a relative commented , “You know, you do similar kinds of work.” What did he mean? | Both test hypotheses systematically |
| Why is it impossible to prove a scientific hypothesis entirely true? | Alternative hypotheses always exist |
| Dr's hypothesized that playing video games prevents colds. They recruited the members of Group A at a health club , and the members of Group B at a local restaurant; What is wrong with this experiment? | Participants are not randomly assigned to groups |
| Janna was a participant in a scientific experiment comparing two different deodorant brands. She was assigned to use Brand A for six weeks and then report on its effectiveness. Janna was told that the experiment was “double-masked.” What does this mean? | Neither Janna nor the investigator knew which deodorant Janna was using. |
| Your diet is high in carbs, with white flour/ sugar. You read a study that shows a diet low in carbs like white flour/sugar, but high in veggie fat and protein, significantly reduces heart disease by 30%. What will you now do to stay healthy, and why? | I will change to the vegetable fat/protein diet because the results are most likely practically significant. |
| A study showed that vitamin E can reduce colds. It involved 21,000 participants followed for 5 yrs. Results were a statistically significant 3% reduction of colds for those who received vitamin E tablets. What is an accurate statement about the results? | The effect of vitamin E on colds is statistically, but not practically, significant. |
| Statistical vs. practical significance | Statistical significance measures the likelihood that a result occurred by chance, while practical significance measures the result's real-world importance. |
| Several studies have shown that echinacea tea leads to a statistically significant reduction in the severity of colds. What does this statement mean? | The reduction in cold symptoms probably did not occur by chance. |
| Researchers studied the relationship between stress levels/ colds. Participants rated their stress levels before receiving nasal drops w/ a tiny amount of cold virus; they reported whether they developed a cold over the next few days. Stress levels are.. | The independent variable in the experiment (what is changing.) |
| Scientific method | A systematic method of research consisting of putting a hypothesis to a test designed to disprove it, if it is in fact false. |
| Hypothesis | A tentative explanation for an observation that requires testing to validate. |
| Hypotheses must be... | Testable and falsifiable. |
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FaithMcBaith
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