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what factors affect the utility of an animal feed?
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how have standards of livestock feeding changed?
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ANSC3010 thru quiz 1
animal feeds: intro,
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what factors affect the utility of an animal feed? | ∙ agronomic features, nutritive value, special properties, processing needs, suitability for particular livestock, deleterious or toxic factors, etc. |
| how have standards of livestock feeding changed? | ∙ 1870 vs 2024: fewer individuals involved in ag but improved methods and technological information - university research, production systems, scientific advances ∙ standards of living for animals have improved as demand for ag products rockets |
| main challenge of livestock producers and nutritionists | ∙ increase efficiency of conversion of feedstuffs to animal products (nutrient loss in manure) ∙ feed production vary each year: govt regulation, current and future prices, environmental conditions, input costs |
| U.S. ag stats | ∙ one U.S. farm feeds 166 people annually (global) ∙ farm/ranch families make up <2% of the population ∙ biggest commodities: corn, soybeans, cattle/calves ∙ LA's commodities: forestry, sugarcane, poultry, rice, feed grain crops |
| nutrition | ∙ science of the process by which feed is taken in by an organism to serve for purposes of growth, work, maintenance, and repair ∙ series of chemical, biochemical, and physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities |
| nutrient | ∙ any feed constituent/group of constituents of same general chemical composition that aids in the support of life ∙ a dietary essential for one or more species of animals (not all animals require the same nutrients) |
| feed/feedstuff | ∙ any material of natural or artificial origin fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them ∙ a nutrient carrier |
| examples of feedstuffs | ∙ natural: corn, soybean, wheat ∙ natural processed: soybean meal (SBM), wheat bran, corn gluten feed ∙ synthetic: crystalline amino acids, vitamins |
| diet | ∙ any combination of feedstuffs used to nourish the animal |
| ration | ∙ amount of diet consumed in a 24 hour period ∙ ex. 5 kg of steer feed per animal per day |
| nutrient categories | ∙ protein ∙ carbohydrates ∙ lipids ∙ vitamins ∙ minerals ∙ *water* |
| water as a nutrient | ∙ often overlooked and not considered a nutrient when formulating livestock rations ∙ water is the most important nutrient for its essential role in vital life functions |
| functions of water in the body | ∙ solvent for many biological systems ∙ medium to transport materials and wastes ∙ body temp. regulation - evaporative cooling ∙ lubricates and cushions joints and organs within body cavities ∙ helps define cellular shape |
| sources of water for animals | ∙ drinking water should always be available ∙ water content in feedstuffs ∙ metabolic water (very small amount) |
| metabolic water | ∙ chemically bound, released when nutrients of body tissues are broken down by metabolic processes |
| normal losses of body water | ∙ urine, feces, lungs, skin, sweat, eggs, milk |
| water quality | ∙ often affects feed consumption and animal health ∙ should contain less than 2,500mg/L (0.25%) dissolved solids ∙ materials may affect palatability or be toxic |
| water as a source of minerals | ∙ water is normally overlooked as a nutrient source but should be considered when formulating mineral supplements ∙ water can be a source of mineral toxicity |
| factors that affect an animal's water intake | ∙ high-protein diet -> more water needed to dilute urea ∙ ruminants need liquid in rumen to suspend ingesta ∙ water absorbing feedstuffs (dry matter) -> more water needed ∙ lactation/production, hot/cold weather, water quality and accesibility |
| water availability | ∙ fresh, clean water must be available at all times; containers must not become too crowded or be inaccessible to the animals ∙ check water often, especially when animals go off feed; monitor consumption |
| carbohydrates | ∙ primary component of feeds - primary building block of most plant materials ∙ make up 70% of dry matter of forages and up to 80% in grains ∙ main purpose: source of energy |
| types of carbs | ∙ chemically composed of C, H, O ∙ monosaccharide (pentose and hexose sugars), disaccharide, polysaccharide ∙ starch and cellulose most common polysaccharides in plants |
Created by:
junoreg
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