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List the three conditions that must exist for the total body syndrome to occur.
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Explain the LD 50/30 by defining and listing the dose for humans in comparison to goldfish.
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RadBio2
Chapters 4-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the three conditions that must exist for the total body syndrome to occur. | An organ must have been exposed acutely in matter of seconds or minutes, there must be exposure of the total body area and external penetrating sources. |
| Explain the LD 50/30 by defining and listing the dose for humans in comparison to goldfish. | LD 50/30 is the survival time of a specific group. The lethal dose to kill 50% of a population in 30 days. Humans: 250-450 rads. Goldfish: 2,000 rads. |
| State the LD 50/60 for humans. | Humans: 250-300 rads. |
| Hemopoietic: State the dose needed to exhibit these symptoms and the explain the damage: | 100-1,000 R. Damage to bone marrow by reduction in red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. |
| Gastrointestinal (GI): State the dose needed to exhibit these symptoms and the explain the damage: | 600-10,000 R. Damage to GI tract and bone marrow includes depletion of villi cells and dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. |
| Central nervous system (CNS) state the dose needed to exhibit symptoms: | 5,000-10,000 R and up. |
| Discuss the events of the following stages of the acute radiation syndrome: Prodomal Stage: | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. |
| Discuss the events of the following stages of the acute radiation syndrome: Latent stage: | This stage appears to have no symptoms when in reality changes are taking place that will either lead to recovery or death. |
| Discuss the events of the following stages of the acute radiation syndrome: Manifest stage: | After the latent stage the subject will become noticeable ill, showing signs and symptoms reflecting the organ system that was damaged. |
| Discuss the events of the following stages of the acute radiation syndrome: 4th stage: | The subject either recovers or dies. |
| Define Cytopenia: | Depression of all blood cell counts. |
| Define Anemia: | Reduction in red blood cell counts. |
| Define Crypts of Lieberkuhn: | Radiosensitive cells that are a precursor to the population of villi cells. |
| Define Edema: | Swelling. |
| Define Vasculitis: | Inflammation of blood cells. |
| Define Meningitis: | Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord and brain. |
| Define Atrophy: | Shrinking. |
| Define Desquamation: | Peeling skin. |
| Define Necrosis: | Tissue death. |
| Define Alopecia: | Hair loss. |
| State the SED 50 for humans and the type of dose response relationship for this factor. | 600 rad, that follows a nonlinear, threshold dose-response relationship. |
| Identify the approximate radiation doses need to produce Temporary sterility: | 200-250 rads. |
| Identify the approximate radiation doses need to produce permanent sterility: | 500-600 rads. |
| Identify the approximate radiation doses need to restrain menstruation: | 10 rads. |
| Hemopoietic system includes: | Bone marrow, circulating blood, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus gland. |
| Describe the location and function of red bone marrow: | Contains stems cells and some fat cells is located in the ribs, ends of long bones, vertebrae, sternum, and skull. It also supplies mature functional cells to circulating blood. |
| Describe the location and function of yellow bone marrow: | high in fat content, does not actively deliver mature cells to the circulating blood. |
| State the three possible structural changes to the chromosomes that may occur after irradiation of cells. | aberrations, lesions, or anomalies. |
| Describe the purpose of a karotype. | Cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes. |
| Discuss the difference between somatic and genetic mutations. | Somatic mutations have consequences only for the subject. Genetic mutations can affect the subjects gametes which may affect future generations. |
| List several groups of individuals that have been studied to determine long term effects of radiation exposure. | Atomic bomb survivors, medically exposed patients, occupationally exposed personnel, populations that recieve high natural background exposure. |
| State several examples of radiation induced malignancies: | Leukemia, skin carcinoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, osteoscarcoma and lung cancer. |
| Define GSD: | Genetically signifcant dose (GSD) An average calculation from the gonadal dose recieved by the entire population and used to determine the genetic influence of low dose to the whole population. |
| Define doubling dose: | The dose of radiation required per generation to double the spontaneous mutation rate. |
| List the factors that will influence the embryo’s irradiation responses. | Total dose, rate of dose, quality of radiation, stage of development. |
| State the possible effects of irradiation to the fetus. | Prenatal or neonatal death, congenital abnormalities, growth impairment, reduced intelligence, genetic abnormalities, cancer induction. |
| Stochastic Effects- | occur randomly in nature. Aka, statisical response in which the probability of occurence increases with dose. |
| Nonstochastic Effects | Deterministic. |
| Explain radiation hormesis. | The theory that ionizing radiation is benign at low levels of exposure, and that doses at the level of natural background radiation can be benificial. |
| List the following in order starting with the most radiosensitive: Myelocytes, ,megakaryocytes, erythrocytes. | erythrocytes, myelocytes, megakaryocytes. |
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Stee0015
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