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Life Science Exam 1
Content Based on Review Questions (Chapter 4)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What proteins speed up chemical reactions in cells? | Enzymes |
| Why do activation energy barriers exist? | To have metabolic reactions regulated by enzyme |
| Climbing a rock wall is the last task of an obstacle course. How would enzymes affect this situation? | Enzymes would decrease the height of the wall. |
| Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. What makes some people "lactose intolerant" as adults? | Lactose-intolerant people don't produce adequate amounts of lactase. |
| Which person might have a high basal metabolic rate? | A 35-year-old male fitness trainer |
| Which factor would most affect an individual's basal metabolic rate? | Activity level |
| What is the resting energy requirement of a person who is awake but not active? (three words) | Basal metabolic rate |
| Which substance is most likely an enzyme? | Endopeptidase |
| Assume that a newly developed chemical agent blocks the active site of the enzyme shown in the figure. What molecule should the drug imitate in size and shape? | Sucrose |
| Which statement describes enzymes? | Enzymes can be recycled and used over and over again. |
| In the human body, which substrate would protease act upon? | Protein |
| What type of chemical energy powers your brain cells? | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| How does ATP provide energy to a cell? | It loses a phosphate group, releasing energy in the process. |
| Which molecule powers the chemical work within cells? | ATP |
| Which process provides the carbon dioxide you exhale? | Aerobic respiration |
| Which process creates the most ATP per glucose molecule metabolized? | Aerobic cellular respiration |
| What type of metabolic pathway requires oxygen? | Aerobic |
| Why is NAD+ considered a taxicab? | It drives the process of glycolysis outside of the mitochondria. |
| What is the main biochemical function of the electron transport chain? | To force hydrogen ions through ATP synthase |
| Which molecules are required by the body but are not metabolized to produce ATP? | Minerals |
| At the end of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration, what molecule is the final electron acceptor? | Oxygen |
| If necessary, our muscles can rely on an anaerobic (fermentative) pathway to metabolize glucose, but this can only last a short period of time. Why can't our cells survive very long under such anaerobic conditions? | Fermentation doesn't extract enough ATP from glucose to sustain our energy-craving cells |
| If loading and shooting a dart gun is analogous to how ATP functions, which component of ATP is similar to the dart? | A phosphate |
| When a muscle cell contracts, what type of work is being powered by ATP? | Mechanical |
| What molecule releases energy to power the transport work across cell membranes? | ATP |
| What happens to an ATP molecule after it has released a phosphate? | It is phosphorylated and becomes ADP. |
| Creatine phosphate (marketed as "creatine") is a popular supplement taken by weightlifters and other athletes. What might the phosphates in this supplement be expected to do? | They readily allow for the regeneration of ATP. |
| Which process occurs inside the mitochondria? | Citric acid cycle and electron transport |
| What process will follow glycolysis, if oxygen is not available? | Fermentation |
| How much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule if no oxygen is available during muscle cell contraction? | 2 molecules |
| Which component of fat can be metabolized for the production of ATP? | Glycerol |
| The figure shows the different pathways taken by the subunits of macronutrients during cellular respiration. Which macronutrient subunit is never converted into pyruvic acid before entering the citric acid cycle? | A fatty acid |
| According to the diagram, how many molecules of oxygen (O2) combine with electrons and hydrogen ions to form one molecule of water (H2O) at the end of the electron transport chain? | 1/2 |
| Why is oxygen needed in cellular respiration? | Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. |
| During which process would ethanol and carbon dioxide be released from the cell? | Alcohol fermentation |
| Why is a very low level of body fat unhealthy in young women? | Women need a certain amount of fat to maintain their fertility |
| Why might the Body Mass Index (BMI) be an inaccurate measure of healthy body weight? | BMI doesn't distinguish between lean muscle and body fat. |
| Which disease may be associated with low levels of body fat and low levels of estrogen? | Osteoporosis |
| What does recent research suggest about the relationships between weight and health risks? | People who are slightly overweight have the lowest health risks. |
| What type of eating disorder involves consuming large amounts of food, followed by selfinduced vomiting? | Bulimia |
| Which condition is associated with obesity? | Stroke |
| If you ate a piece of toast covered with butter, which macromolecule components would result after your body breaks down the food? | Glycerol, fatty acids, and monosaccharides |
| Which BMI range has the lowest relative risk of death? | 25 to 29 (overweight) |
| What is meant by metabolism? | All chemical reactions occurring in the body |
Created by:
FaithMcBaith
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