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Unit 2 AP Psych
| definition | answer |
|---|---|
| the change in electric potential that propagates along the axon of a neuron during the transmission of a nerve impulse or the contraction of a muscle. | Action potential |
| increases or mimics neurotransmitters' action. Morphine causes pain reduction by mimicking endorphin actions. | agonist |
| Decreases or blocks neurotransmitters. Curare a position on hunting dart tips, blocks ach receptors on muscle, producing paralysis, | antagonist |
| A neuron either fires at full strength or not at all. Intensity refers to the number of neurons firing not the firing itself. | all or none response |
| Two neural clusters linked to emotion, particularly aggression and fear. It is not the only part of our brain that responds that way. | amygdala |
| Aphasia: | aphasia |
| Areas of the cerebral cortex that aren’t involved in primary motor or sensory functions, but rather involved in higher mental functions like learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. | association area |
| Brains oldest and innermost region, responsible for automatic survival functions. | brainstem |
| An area of the frontal lobe that directs muscle movements involved in speech, damage to this disrupts speaking. | brocas area |
| Little brain that processes sensory information, coordinates movements and balance, and enables non-verbal learning and skill memory. | cerebellum |
| The thin outer surface layer of interconnected neural cells; the body and brain’s ultimate control and information processing center. | cerebral cortex |
| Brain and spinal cord; aka body decision maker. | central |
| Sensory and motos neurons gather and transmit information | peripheral |
| The body's electronic chemical communication network, which takes in information from the world and body tissue, makes sessions, and sends back info and orders to the body tissues. | nervous system |
| Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. Severing this has been shown to improve the effects of epilepsy. | corpus callosum |
| : Electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons. Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with increased activity in the right frontal lobe, a brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion. | EEG |
| isolation of the brain 2 hemispheres | split brain |
| Epinephrine(Adrenaline) | Epinephrine (Adrenaline) |
| Proposes measuring human traits and using results to encourage or discourage people from reproducing. His goal was to improve the gene pool, although this was deemed unethical. | Eugencies |
| excite” the neuron and cause it to “fire off the message,” meaning, the message continues to be passed along to the next cell | Excitatory |
| block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any farther | Inhibitory |
| Behind the forehead; involved in speaking, muscle movement, planning, judging, and critical thinking. Doesn’t finish developing till at least 25. | Frontal lobe |
| \Top of the head toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body positions. | paritetal lobe |
| : Back of the head; Processes visual information. | occipital lobe |
| : One side above the ears; processes auditory information | temporal lobe |
| Measures blood flow to the brain region by complying with continuous MRI scans. Passengers who survived near plane crashes who would see info related to their trauma showed greater activation in the brain's fear, memory, and visual centers | FMRI |
| : Cells in the nervous system that support nourish and protect neurons, they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory. Working bees protect queen bees. | glial cells |
| \: The differential role of the left or right brain side in processing a specific neuronal task or behavior. | hempispheric specilization |
| : The manner in which characteristics and traits are passed on from parents to their offspring. | heredity |
| ]: A neural center that processes conscious, explicit, memories of facts and events. Decreases in size and function as we get older. | hipppocampus |
| : A neural structure that maintains homeostasis within the body by directing maintenance activities (Eating, drinking, temperature). Also as a reward system. | hypocampus |
| Adrenal glands release adrenaline and noradrenaline to produce a flight or fight response. | Adrenaline |
| : appetite increase, hunger | Ghrelin |
| : Full/appetite regulation | Leptin |
| : Sleep | Melatonin |
| : Bonding | Oxytocin |
| : Controls right hand, spoken language, written language, mathematical calculations, logical thought processes, analysis of detail, and reading. | Left hemisphere |
| Controls left hand, nonverbal, visual-spatial perception, music, artistic processing, emotional thought and recognition, processing of the whole, pattern recognition, and facial recognition. | right hemisphere |
| Neural System below the cerebral hemisphere that is associated with emotions and drives. | limbic system |
| : frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes | lobes of the brain |
| \ An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. | motor cortex |
| Fatty tissue that insults axons and speeds that impulses, added up to age 25. | Myelin sheath |
| myelin sheath destroyed. This leads to complete loss of neural functioning in damaged cells, particularly associated with muscle control and movement symptoms including fatigue, vision, balance,, and numbness, tingling, or weakness in arms/legs. | Multiple Sclerosis |
| : MG is a rare auto mine disorder that causes antibodies to attack acetylcholine receptors at the msucles. This impacts the neurotransmitter junction causing symptoms such as rapid fatigue, muscle weakness, visual problems and more. | Myasthenia gravis |
| The principle that inherits the better enables the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. | natural selection |
| Heredity, weight effects, and interplay of genetic transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring. | nature |
| Environmental non-genetic influences like the nutrition, people, and things around us. | nurture |
| Severed brain and spinal cord usually don't regenerate. Some of the brain's neural tissue can reorganize. New research is one to take stem cells and create functioning neurons out of them to helo diseased or damaged functions. | Neurogencies |
| Neurotransmitters | Neurotransmitters |
| (Excitatory) Helps the brain coordinate and initiate physical movement. Released in response to pleasurable experiences Influences motivation and goal-directed behavior. Influences cognition and executive functioning. | Dopamine |
| (Inhibitory) Involved in mood regulation. Involved in sleep and arousal regulation. Involved in the regulation of appetite and digestion | Serotonin |
| : (Excitatory) Involved in promoting wakefulness, alertness, and arousal. Released in response to stress and helps initiate the fight or flight response | Norephinephrine |
| : (Excitatory) Major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Makes it less likely for a neuron to fire. Reduces brain activity. | GABA |
| (Inhibitory) Regulates the perception of pain (acts as the brain’s natural opiates). Enhances mood (feelings of euphoria and pleasure). Can reduce the body’s stress response. | Endorphins |
| (Excitatory) Involved in the perception of pain (helps transmits pain signals from the body’s skin, muscle, and tissues to the central nervous system). promoting inflammation in response to injury. Involved in regulating emotion and social behavior. | Substance p |
| (excitatory) Enables movement (transmitted from motor neurons to muscles). Involved in learning and memory (many ACh receptors are in the hippocampus) | Acetylochline |
| from the dendrites through the cell body and to the end of the axon. into the synapse. | Order of nearual transmitters |
| brain's ability to change structure and function in response to stimuli. People who endured traumatic brain injuries revealed a remarkable capacity for the brain to change and heal. The brain can move critical functions from damaged areas to healthy ones. | Plasticity |
| : Refreshing pause that prevents action polchulas from occurring until acton returns to resting state. | Refracotry period |
| A nerve network that filters stimuli and controls arousal, grabs your attention. | reticular acivating system |
| Carry messages inward to the brain and spinal cord. | sensosry neurons |
| Carry messages from CNS outward to muscles and glands. | motor neurons |
| Within the brain and spinal cord; communicate internally between sensory inputs and motor outputs. | Interneurson |
| An area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. They more sensative the body region, the larger the somatosensory cortex area devoted to it. | somatonsensoty cortex |
| Enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles. | somatic nervous system |
| Controls glands and internal organ muscles for involuntary processes. | Autonomic nervous system |
| Arouses and expands energy (fight or flight) | Sympatheic nervous system |
| Conserves energy to calm (Rest and digest) | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Brains sensory control center; receives information from all senses except smell, and routes that information to higher brain regions. | Thalamus |
| An area of the temporal lobe involved in language, comprehension, and expression; damage to this disrupts understanding. | Wernickes area |
| REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories. But it’s our brain weaving the stories, so this still tells us something about ourselves. | activation |
| Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories. But why do we sometimes dream about things we have not experienced and about past events? | consoldation |
| clock. morning nears body temperature rises begins to drop evening. Thinking, memory improve at daily peak. teens /young adults evening-energized owls , older adults/moms with kids are morning-loving larks. | circadia rythm |
| Subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. | Conciousness |
| Deppresents | Deppresents |
| Stimulants | Stimulants |
| Hallucigones | Hallucigones |
| Newborns need more sleep. Adults do fewer than 6 or more than 9. The average sleep is 7 hours a day and 7-8 on weekends. The weeknight of sleep falls short for students and workers because of early school time, | Genetic and Enviornmeltal influnces on sleep. |
| Ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep.Chronic tiredness. Reliance on spelling pills and alcohol reduces REM sleep and leads to a tolerance-a state in which increasing doses are needed to produce an effect. | Insomnia |
| attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. Risk of falling asleep at a dangerous moment. Narcolepsy attacks usually last less than 5 minutes, but they can happen at the worst and most emotional times. Everyday activities such as driving, require extra caution. | Narcolepsy |
| Sopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping.Fatigue and depression (as a result of slow-wave sleep deprivation). Associated with obesity (especially among men). | Sleep apnea |
| Sitting up, walking, speaking) while asleep. Sleeptalking can occur during any sleep stage.sleep.Few serious concerns. Sleepwalkers return to their beds on their own with the help of a family member, rarely remembering their trip the next morning. | Somnabulism |
| Psychoactive drugs | Psychative drugs |
| Alcohol | Alchol |
| Heroin | Heroin |
| Caffeine | Caffeine |
| Cocaine | Cocaine |
| Marijuana | Marijuana |
| (Waves, characteristics, length, change, over time) | Sleep stages |
| Tolerance | tolerance |
| Addiction | addicion |
| Withdrawal | withdrawl |
Created by:
Pettymac
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