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Life Science Exam 2
Content From the Chapter 6 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What disease occurs when cells replicate even though they should not be dividing? | Cancer |
| What is a benign tumor? | A mass of cells that remains in one area |
| What happens when a tumor becomes metastatic? | Tumor cells break away to start a new tumor |
| What are synergistic substances? | Substances with a much greater effect when combined |
| How does the use of tobacco and alcohol affect the risk of esophageal cancer? (be able to read graph, answer may change.) | Esophageal cancer risk is three times as high for people who use both tobacco and alcohol |
| Which organ may be surgically removed and analyzed to determine if metastasis has occurred? | Lymph node |
| Which type of cancer is most common? | Skin cancer |
| What are sister chromatids?? | The two identical copies of one chromosome |
| Consider a strand of DNA with the sequence AGTTCGATT. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? | TCAAGCTAA |
| Which description is characteristic of DNA? | Complementary nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds |
| A eukaryotic cell has DNA with 26% of the bases as T. What percentage of the bases are G? | 24% |
| n a bacterial species, 45% of the bases in its DNA are A. What percentage of the bases are T? | 45% |
| What term describes nucleotides in opposing strands of DNA that bind to each other? | Complementary |
| What type of reproduction do single-celled amoeba use to produce genetically identical daughter cells? | Asexual reproduction |
| The double-stranded DNA molecule can be described as a twisted rope ladder. What component of DNA would be like the steps of the ladder? | Nitrogenous bases |
| According to this figure, what is the purpose of DNA polymerase? | To help the free nucleotides bond to the unwound DNA strands |
| Which phase occurs during mitosis? | Metaphase |
| What is the correct order of events in the cell cycle? | G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| During which part of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down? | Prophase |
| What is the correct order of events in mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| What would result if a cell underwent mitosis but did not complete cytokinesis? | One cell with two nuclei |
| During which process would a cell plate form? | Cytokinesis in a plant cell |
| Which carbohydrate forms the cell wall during cytokinesis in plant cells? | Cellulose |
| During which phase of mitosis are the replicated chromosome aligned in the middle of the cell? | Metaphase |
| During which phase of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm divide? | Cytokinesis |
| During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell? | Anaphase |
| In which phase of the cell cycle are cells most often found? | Interphase |
| Which cells may spend the most time in interphase? | Motor neurons in the spine |
| Why do chromosomes resemble the letter X when viewed during metaphase? | Because there are two sister chromatids joined at a point in the middle (the centromere) |
| During which phase of the cell cycle do most organelles duplicate? | The G1 phase of interphase |
| According to the diagram, what structures are connected to the microtubules during mitosis? | Centromeres |
| During the metaphase checkpoint, what conditions are being checked by the cell proteins? | If the chromosomes are attached to microtubules |
| What gene encodes a protein that will inhibit cell division? | Tumor-suppressor gene |
| Which characteristic indicates a cancer cell? | Metastasis |
| Why might chemotherapy be used on cancer cells? | Surgery to remove the tumor would be difficult |
| Why might cancer patients suffer from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea after receiving chemotherapy? | Chemotherapy attacks rapidly dividing cells like those lining the stomach and intestine |
| When might radiation therapy be used? | Tumors are located close to the body surface |
| What conclusion can be made if the cell margins of a biopsy are clear when observed under a microscope? | The cancer has not invaded other tissues |
| What is immunotherapy? | Substances that attack cancer cells having specific cell markers |
| What carcinogens may be targeted by a cancer vaccine? | Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
| Why is immunotherapy a promising cancer treatment? | Fewer healthy cells are attacked resulting in better patient health |
Created by:
FaithMcBaith
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