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Anatomy & Physiology

Module 2

TermDefinition
Introduction to the Cell -Cells are the smallest living unit of life, composed of four elemts ; oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. -Only seen under a microscope -Human cells are Eukaryotic (they have a nucleus) -Cells duplicate through mitosis
Main Parts of the Cell (three main regions or parts): 1. Plasma Membrane - Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm (organelles) 3. Nucles
Plasma Membrane The membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Plasma Membrane Facts -Forms outer flexible boundary of the cell -Function to separate inside the cell from outside the cell -Plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilaryer (Two layers) -Different proteins (regulates whate comes in and out of the cell)
Movement in the Membrane The plasma membrane continuously allows substaneces to enter and leave the cell such as water, foods, gases, wastes.
Two Processes that allow mass movement of substances in and out of the cells are: 1. Passive Transport 2. Active Transport
Active Transport When molecules move across the cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration consisting of cellular energy
Active transport is used by cells to: Accumulate needed molecules such as glucose and aminoacids
Active transport powered by: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known as primary active transport
Phagocytosis Cellular eating
Phagocytosis is the active process in which: A cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle This process is often seen with our white blood cells to estory invading bacteria.
Pinocytosis Cellular drinking
Another active transport mechanism used to pull fluids or dissolved substances into the cells. Pinocytosis
Passive Transport Movement of a solute from a region of high concentration potential on one side of the cell membrane to a region of lower concentration on the opposite side
Diffusion The movement of solutes from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, leading to the equalization of solutes.
Osmosis Similar to diffusion, instead of moving solutes to an area of lower concentration; osmosis is the movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration with the goal of equalizing the solute concentrations.
Filtration The movement of water and solutes from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure
Cytoplasm A water, gel-like substance made of mostly salt and water; provides structure for the cell parts so they can move freely within the cell membrane
There are several structures called ORGANELLES within the: Cytoplasm, they each have an important function.
Organelles in the Cytoplasm -Mitochondria, ribosome
Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell, its is responsible for creating ATP> AKA a molecule that carries energy within the cells assisting in active transport.
Ribosomes Protein factories, found floating freely in the cytoplasm. Sometimes attach themselves to other organelles called the endoplasmic reticulum.
RNA Ribosomes contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) which acts as a messenger carrying instructions from the DNA for controlling the synthesis for proteins.
Nucleus Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (growth and metabolism, etc.) and carries the genes, (genetic code/DNA) structures that contain the hereditary information
Inside the Nucleus Stores the cell's genetic code (in the form of DNA)
DNA Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecules of DNA are organized into special structures called chromosomes (46 pairs in humans)
Sections of DNA Called genes, which hold hereditary information such as eye color and height.
Created by: CherryBombs1500
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