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Exam 1 Bio
Cell structure and function, reproduction, development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| lysosome | Organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing digestive enzymes enclosed in a membrane |
| cytoskeleton | A part of the cell that maintains the shape and internal organization of the cell. It also enables the cell to complete essential functions, such moving vesicles around. |
| phosolipids | a group of polar lipids that consist of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit and a phosphate group |
| bound ribosomes | translates mRNA into proteins, found on the endoplasmic reticulum |
| prokaryotic cells | cells in the Bacteria or Archaea domain that have genetic material not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus and lacks other membrane-bound organelles |
| smooth ER | organelle that makes fats, lipids and steroid hormones |
| Golgi apparatus | Is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. |
| eukaryotic cells | cells of Eukarya domain organisms that store genetic material in a nucleus, and contain other membrane-bound organelles |
| organelles | membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions |
| ribosomes | Small organelles located in the cytoplasm that read mRNA and produce proteins. |
| rough ER | Organelle to which ribosomes are attached |
| fluid mosaic model | model of cell membrane structure: membranes are composed of a flexible double layer of phospholipids in which various proteins are embedded |
| elaborate membrane system | Organelles that are encased in similar membranes and are loosely connected. Includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), vesicles, Gol |
| mitochondria | converts energy from food into energy (ATP) that cells can use |
| ATP | The main molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells. |
| cell theory | 1) all living organisms are made of one or more cells, 2) cells are the smallest functions units of life, 3) all cells come from preexisting cells |
| diffusion | Movement of particles or molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of less concentration into a more concentrated one. Driven by a concentration gradien |
| osmosis | movements of water from areas of high to low water concentration |
| chromosomes | Living cells contain a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins called genes that carry genetic information |
| cilia | shorter, more cells, on lungs and intestines. |
| flagella | Hair-like extensions of the plasma membrane that assist in movement (of the cell or around the cell). Longer, less cells. |
| exocytosis | Movement of molecules from the interior to exterior of a cell. Largely for secretion of waste, and for messaging between cells |
| receptors | A type of protein in the plasma membrane that acts as a flag to other cells |
| nucleus | organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material |
| endosymbiotic theory | the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotic cells before being incorporated into eukaryotic cells |
| cholestrol | Found in plasma membranes along with proteins. Creates more solid areas in the fluid membrane |
| chromatin | Mixture of DNA and proteins that form a chromosome |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a continuous network of membranous tubules seen in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It participates in the production of lipids and proteins and typically contains ribosomes |
| cell markers (glycoproteins) | Types of protein in the plasma membrane that binds to specific molecules, triggering a response inside the cell |
| asexual reproduction | A "cloning" of the parent cell through cell division, regeneration, or parthenogenesis |
| menstration | in human females, the monthly discharge of uterine tissue and blood from the uterus |
| contraception | The intentional use of techniques to prevent pregnancy, they come in many forms |
| Sertoli cells | In the seminiferous tubules, these cells regulate spermatogenesis and nourish the developing sperm cells. |
| progesterone | a hormone that development of the uterine lining in females |
| follicular phase | Days 1-13 of menstruation which include menstruating, rebuilding endometrium, and oocyte maturation |
| uterine tubes | A pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus |
| spermicides | Chemicals that are available in many varieties (foam, film, cream, gel, etc.) that kills sperm. They are applied inside the vagina before intercourse. |
| vasectomy | A surgical procedure in which part of each vas deferens is cut and sealed, usually for contraceptive reasons |
| sperm | The biological term for the male gamete |
| luteal phase | Phase of menstrual cycle in which the corpus luteum forms (which secretes progesterone and estrogen) and the endometrium thickens in preparation for a pregnancy |
| uterus | in female mammals, the part of the reproductive tract that houses the embryo during development |
| spermatogonia | Cell produced at the early stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed in the wall of a seminiferous tubule, gives rise to spermatocytes |
| testes | gonad of male animals |
| seminal vesicles | Glands opening to vas deferens by junction of urethra where semen is secreted. |
| sexual reproduction | The mixing of genetic material through fertilization, creating a diploid organism |
| condom | Two varieties: male version rolled over penis before intercourse. Female versions are used in the same fashion but inserted into the vagina. |
| ovaries | A female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced |
| endometrium | the innermost lining of the uterus |
| testosterone | a hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testis, stimulates spermatogenesis and the development of male secondary sex characteristics |
| epididymis | series of tubes that connect the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens |
| seminiferous tubes | The place where spermatozoa is produced. This forms the bulk of testes. |
| tubal ligation | A similar process to the vasectomy but done on women. This is a procedure to cut and tie the fallopian tubes ("getting their tubes tied") |
| luteinizing hormone | Stimulates the secretion of estrogen. Stimulates ovulation of oocyte from ovary. Stimulates the secretion of progesterone. |
| estrogen | a female sex hormone produced in the ovary, responsible for secondary sex characteristics |
| interstitial cell | in the vertebrate testes, a testosterone-producing cell located between the seminiferous tubules |
| corpus luteum | a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary from the follicle after an ovum has been discharged, but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun |
| oocyte | An egg cell that has not matured. It matures after it has traveled down the Fallopian tube when ovulation begins. |
| ovulation | Process when a follicle ruptures and the oocyte is released |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | Initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary. Stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen. Stimulates sperm production in the testes. |
| oral contraception | Also known as birth control, these are pills taken orally to prevent pregnancy (contains estrogen and progesterone). |
| direct development | The process by which an animal/ infant is born as a smaller version of the adult form. Organisms typically need to be nourished by the mother. |
| animal pole | It contains the greatest amount of cytoplasm and is opposite the vegetal pole. |
| yolk sac | Found in bird eggs. |
| mesoderm | the middle germ layer in a gastrula |
| vegetal pole | in an egg, the part opposite the animal pole, containing most of the yolk and little cytoplasm |
| embryo | An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development, in particular a human offspring during the period from approximately the second to the eighth |
| indirect development | The reproduction process where many eggs are laid with barely any protection, food, and yolk. Only a few survive. Juveniles do not resemble adults. |
| amnion | One of the embryonic membranes in amniotic cells and placentas. In eggs, it contains nourishment for the growing embryo, and in placentas it forms part of the umbilical cord. |
| stem cells | an undifferentiated cell that is capable of diving and forming one or more distinct, specialized cells |
| gray crescent | forms after fertilization, on opposite from sperm entrance into egg |
| ectoderm | the most exterior layer of the three primary germ layers in the early embryo |
| blastula | a hollow ball of cells that forms from a morula |
| cleavage | the early cell division of embryos |
| germ layers | a 3-layered embryo with ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cell layers |
| endoderm | the innermost layer of the three primary germ layers in the early embryo |
| differentiation | the process whereby a cell becomes specialized |
| placenta | an organ that surrounds the embryo |
| zygote | A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized egg |
| amniotic egg | the egg of reptiles, including birds, that encloses the embryo in a watery environment |
| morula | a ball of undifferentiated cells that forms when a zygote undergoes cleavage |
| gastrulation | the process during embryonic development that changes the embryo from a blastula with a single layer of cells to a gastrula containing multiple layers of cells. |
| fetus | the last stage of human development inside of the mother this stage occurs 10 weeks in and happens when the offspring has all its appendages and important organs as it grows bigger. |
| allantois | a membrane found in the placenta as well as amniotic eggs that collects waste from the embryo |
| chorion | Outermost membrane that lines the shell of an amniotic egg. In mammals, it forms the embryonic part of the placenta. |
| organogenesis | the process by which the layers of the gastrula rearrange to form organs, or the formation of organs in an embryo |
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Kileye
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