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CTG

Cells, Tissues and Genetics PT2 - 1/10/24

QuestionAnswer
1. cytosol? water, sugar, salts, proteins, ions and amino acids
2. small subunits of ribosomes? align amino acids, 18s rRNA
3. large subunits of ribosomes? catalyse peptide bond formation, 28s 5.8s and 5s rRNA
4. when do subunits of ribosomes join? during protein synthesis
5. what makes ribosomal units? rRNA and cytoplasmic proteins combined in the nucleus
6. what is formed when rRNA and cytoplasmic proteins are combined in the nucleus? ribosomal units
7. where are the ribosomal units transported? cytoplasm through NPCs
8. what is synthesised on cytoplasmic ribosomes? ribosomal proteins
9. where are the ribosomal proteins transported to? nucleolus
10. what do ribosomal proteins combine with in the nucleolus? rRNA
11. when ribosomal proteins and rRNA combine in the nucleus what is formed? pre-ribosomal particles
12. how is rRNA synthesised? RNA polymerase II in the nucleolus
13. what occurs when ribosomal proteins and rRNAs combine? maturation
14. what indicates a single endosymbiotic event in eukaryotes? cytochrome-c-oxidase
15. what is in the mitochondrial matrix? DNA, ribosomes and enzymes
16. how do mitochondria divide? binary fission
17. functions of the endomembrane system? protein synthesis/ modification intra/inter cellular transport of proteins metabolism and movement of lipids detoxificatioon of pathogens cell growth
18.cisternae? fluid filled spaces between membranes in the ER
19. functions of the ER? transport intra/inter cellular protein synthesis and modification lipid synthesis storage of biomolecules
20. where do proteins go in the RER? RER lumen to be modified
21. what do RER lumen contain? enzymes for glycosylation
22. what is RER important for? production of new plasma membrane and plasma membrane proteins
23. functions of SER? lipid synthesis metabolism of carbohydrates detoxification of drugs and poisons storage of calcium ions
24. how does the SER detoxify drugs and poisons addition of OH
25. formation of golgi? ER vesicles fuse to make flattened stacks (cisternae)
26. describe cisternae in golgi discrete and proteins mature as they move through
27. how does the golgi have directionality? proteins received from the ER at cis face move through medial cisternae sorted and shipped at trans face
28. functions of golgi? processing proteins assembly glycoproteins transportation and storage of lipids formation of lysosomes storage and transport of digestive enzymes secretion of carbs for plant cell wall synthesis formation of secretory vesicles
29. the cisternal maturation model refers to what? golgi
30. each cisterna contains what? enzymes needed to modify macromolecules
31. what happens in the cisterna when proteins and lipids progress modified
32. how is transportation to the correct place in the golgi cisternae ensured? molecular identification tags eg P added at trans face
33. why are molecular identification tags eg P added at trans face? to ensure transportation to the correct place
34. what do lysosomes have? hydrolytic enzymes working at low pH
35. functions of lysosomes? digestion of work out organelles phagocytosis exocytosis autolysis / autophagy
36. what is the endocytic pathway referring to? lysosomes
37. what does the endocytic pathway do? transfers macromolecules from the extracellular to intracellular environments
38. what happens to extracellular material? endocytosed and transported to early endosome
39. what happens to pH in the early endosome to the late endosome? decreases
40. the pH decreases during the endocytic pathway where? from early endosome to late endosome
41. what fuses to the late endosome in the endocytic pathway? lysosome
42. what does the lysosome fuse with in the endocytic pathway? late endosome
43. what does the endolysosome do? release enzymes
44. why is a small leakage from lysosomes not damaging to cells? cytosolic pH is high
Created by: cowcow
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