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Exam 1

Operant Conditioning

TermDefinition
Operant conditioning is learning in which behavior is shaped by its consequences
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Positive Reinforcement Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., giving a treat for good behavior)
Negative Reinforcement Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., taking away chores for good grades)
Positive Punishment Adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce behavior (e.g., scolding).
Negative Punishment Removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior (e.g., taking away privileges)
Fixed-Ratio Schedule Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (e.g., earning a reward after every 10 purchases).
Variable-Ratio Schedule Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., slot machines).
Fixed-Interval Schedule Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time (e.g., a paycheck every two weeks).
Variable-Interval Schedule Reinforcement after varying time intervals (e.g., checking your phone for a message).
Shaping A process of reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior. For example, training a rat to press a lever by rewarding closer and closer steps toward the lever
Extinction in Operant Conditioning Occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in that behavior
Premack Principle Using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred one. For example, a child must finish homework before being allowed to play video games
Token Economies Systems in which tokens are earned for desired behaviors and can be exchanged for rewards
Behavior Modification sing operant conditioning techniques to encourage positive behaviors and reduce negative ones (e.g., in classroom management or therapy)
Created by: Itati21
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