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Psychology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is psychology? | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| What 2 fields combine to create psychology? | philosophy and physiology/biology |
| What is the history behind psychology? | It used to be the study of the mind then changed to and and behavior |
| did psychology ever change its meaning? | yes |
| who was the father of psychology and birthdate and place? | Wilhelm Wundt who founded the first experimental laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany |
| what is structuralism? | Breaks consciousness down into parts. founded by Wilhem Wundt and his student Edward Titchner developed it. |
| what is fundamentalism? | understanding the functions of the consciousness and why it does what it does and how does it benefit us. founded by William James. |
| what are the 4 goals of psychology? | Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental process. |
| Naturalistic observation: | process of observing without interfering as behavior occurs in the natural environment. |
| case study: | study of a behavior/mental process in a particular group or individual |
| survey: | broad portrait of large groups, asked using interviews/questionnaire |
| Experiment: | controlled and tests cause-effect relationships |
| correlations: | examining relationships between 2 or more variables |
| strengths of naturalistic observation: | provides a lot of data that would be hard to duplicate in a lab |
| weaknesses of naturalistic observation: | bias since animals or people might act different knowing they're being watched |
| strengths of case study: | studying rare new phenomenons |
| weaknesses of case study: | small sample size and cant generalize |
| strengths of survey: | gather lots of data from many people |
| weaknesses of survey: | people may not answer honestly, hard questions. |
| strengths of Experiment: | if valid can determine cause-effect |
| weaknesses of Experiment: | time consuming, expensive, lacks real world due to controlled environment |
| strengths of correlations: | allows for reasonable predictions |
| weaknesses of correlations: | based on trends not true for all |
| Random assignment: | assigning participants to different groups by chance |
| Theory: | broad explanation based on evidence |
| Hypotheis: | specific testable prediction based on theory, not a question. |
| Independent variable: | the variable being changed/manipulated |
| Dependent variable: | variable being measured |
| Experimental group: | group receiving the treatment |
| Control group: | group not receiving treatment |
| Sample: | part of the population being studied |
| Double-blind: | neither the participants nor the experimenters know who's in control or experimental group |
| Correlation coefficients: | closest it is to 1 the stronger. + move on same direction - in opposite correlation does not equal causation. |
| What are some necessary skills for critical thinking? | evaluating evidence, considering an alternative explanation, avoid emotional reasoning, recognizing bias. |
| What are the divisions of the nervous system? | Central and peripheral nervous system |
| CNS: | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS: | All nerves besides brain and spinal cord, divided into somatic and autonomic |
| Dendrites: | the finger-like cells present on the end of a neuron that receive information from other neurons. |
| Cell body: | The main part of a neuron that contains the nucleus (soma) |
| Axon: | The long part that carries nerve impulses away from the soma. |
| Myelin sheath: | the layer on the axon that makes it faster |
| Terminal buttons: | at the end of the axon, responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons. |
| Synapse: | between two neurons that allows them to communicate with each other by passing electrical or chemical signals |
| Electrical communication: | action potentials, which are signals that travel along the length of axons |
| Chemical communication: | Neurotransmitters are released across the synapse to communicate with the next neuron. |
| What are the 3 main functions of the brain? | hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain |
| Hindbrain: | controls important functions, breathing, hart rate, etc. |
| Midbrain: | in between the other 2 and coordinates movement, locating things, environmental threats. |
| Forebrain: | controls functions that separate us from animals, thinking, emotions, etc. |
| What is a reflex and example: | automatic response to a stimulus: pain response. |
| What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex: | Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. |
| Frontal lobe: | decision making, planning, movement. |
| Parietal lobe: | Process sensory (touch) information. |
| Temporal lobe: | interpreting sound and recognizing objects and visual memory. |
| Occipital lobe: | processes visual information. |
| Right hemisphere: | creativity, self connected, daydreaming, nonverbal tasks. |
| Left hemisphere: | logical, language, analytical, planning, self separate, verbal tasks. |
| What connects the 2 hemispheres? | corpus callossum |
| Sensory cortex: | gather sensory data and send to cns. |
| Motor cortex: | carry instructions from cns back to body |
| Balance: | stability between different aspects of life. |
| How can you achieve more balance? | managing stress, self-care, boundaries |
| What happens when the body is out of balance? | fatigue, anxiety, poor decision making, irritability |
| What is stress? | the boys response to perceived threats/challenges |
| Acute stress: | short term stress like an exam |
| Chronic stress: | long term stress like being poor |
| Biochemical response of the sympathetic nervous system and the effects on the body? | SNS triggers "fight or flight", releasing adrenaline, increasing heart rate, breathing, blood pressure to prepare the body for action. |
| How to minimize stress in ur life? | Regulate your body with a sleep schedule, exercise, and healthy foods. Control your environment by being calm in places with people that make you feel good than the opposite, be organized. Practice stress inoculation by pushing yourself, trying new thi |
Created by:
mahak
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