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APHUG - Unit 2
Population and Migration
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| age cohort | A group of people with a similar age. |
| agricultural density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. |
| anti-natalism | a philosophical and policy stance that encourages lower birth rates by discouraging reproduction. |
| arithmetic density | a mathematical calculation that gives an average of the number of people living in a specific area, such as a square mile or square kilometer |
| asylum-seeker | Someone who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee. |
| brain drain/gain | Large-scale emigration by talented people. brain gain. The opposite of brain drain; opening up new opportunities and bringing business experience and special skills. |
| carrying capacity | the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area. |
| center of population | refers to the geographic center of the population of a country |
| chain migration | Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| crude birth rate (CBR) | the number of live births occurring during a year per every 1,000 people in a given population in a given year. |
| crude death rate (CDR) | the ratio of the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a given population. |
| demographic momentum | the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. |
| demographics | refers to the statistical data that describes the characteristics of a population, including factors such as age, gender, income, education, and ethnicity. |
| diaspora | is the name given to a community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences. |
| doubling time | the projected amount of time that it will take for a given population to double. It is based on the annual growth rate and is calculated by what is known as "The Rule of 70." |
| elderly support ratio | The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older. Example: The world's elderly support ratio is about 9, because for every elderly person, there are 9 people of working age. |
| epidemiological transition | changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death. |
| guest worker (time-contract worker) | citizen of a poor country who is permitted to work in a country on a temporary basis, i.e. for farm labor. |
| internal migration | the movement of an individual or group of people from one region of a country to another region of the same country. |
| internally displace person (IDP) | someone who is forced to leave their home but who remains within their country's borders |
| international migration | Permanent movement from one country to another. |
| interregional migration | Permanent movement from one region of a country to another. |
| intervening obstacle/opportunity | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration (obstacle) or helps with migration (opportunity) |
| intraregional migration | the movement of people within the same region of a nation |
| J-curve | when the projection population show exponential growth |
| life expectancy (longevity rate) | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical condition |
| Malthus, Thomas | Created the "Malthusian Theory," which states that population growth will eventually outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and societal collapse unless population growth is checked. |
| migration selectivity | the tendency for certain types of people to migrate. Age, education, and other sociodemographic characteristics are migration selectivity factors |
| natural disaster | a catastrophic event resulting from natural processes of the Earth that causes significant disruption to human life, property, and the environment (hurricane, earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc). |
| naturalization | refers to the legal process by which a non-citizen of a country acquires citizenship, |
| Neo Malthusian | Someone who believes that the population of the world is growing too quickly for the scale of agricultural production to keep up. |
| overpopulation | a condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the availability of one or more essential resources. |
| physiological density | the number of persons per unit of agricultural land. |
| population aging (“greying”) | a demographic trend where the proportion of older individuals in a population increases, typically due to longer life expectancies and declining birth rates. |
| population pyramid (age-sex pyramid) | graphical representations that show the distribution of various age groups in a population, typically divided by sex (male/female). |
| pronatalism | policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area |
| pull factor | positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas |
| push factor | something that encourages or forces an individual to migrate away from a certain place. |
| Ravenstein’s Laws | set of principles that describe migration patterns and behaviors. Emphasizes that most migrants move only a short distance and that migration typically occurs in 11 steps. |
| redistricting | Redistricting is the process of redrawing the boundaries of electoral districts to reflect changes in population and ensure fair representation |
| refugee | individuals who are forced to flee their home country due to persecution, war, violence, or human rights violations. |
| replacement fertility | the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next. In developed countries, replacement level fertility can be taken as requiring an average of 2.1 children per woman. |
| S-curve | graphical representation of population growth that shows how populations initially grow slowly, then rapidly accelerate, before eventually leveling off due to limiting factors such as resource availability or competition. |
| sex ratio | the number of males per 100 females |
| step migration | migration pattern where people move to a final destination in stages. Often starting from a rural area and gradually moving towards a larger urban center, rather than migrating directly to the final destination in one step. |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | an estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years. |
| transhumance | the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures. Typically, livestock is moved to the lowlands in the winters and to the highlands in the summers. |
| undocumented migrant | people who enter a country without proper documents. |
| zero-population growth | occurs when the number of people who die and emigrate out of a country equals the number of people who are born or immigrate into a country |
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