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CardiovascularSystem

QuestionAnswer
Most of the Anterior surface of the heart is formed by this _________chamber of the heart? right ventricle
The right border of the heart is formed by this chamber____________________? right atrium
In fetal circulation the “Right Atrium” is directly connected the “Left Atrium” via this opening? Oval foramen (Foramen Ovale)
In fetal circulation the “Pulmonary artery/trunk” is directly connected the “Arch of Aorta” via this shunt? Ductus Arteriosus
What blood vessel brings oxygenated blood to the fetal circulation via the placenta? Umbilical Vein
In what percentage of human population, the foramen ovale of the heart will not close completely? 25%
Where is the apex of the heart located? Left 5th intercostal space (the bottom tip)
What happens to Foramen ovale of the heart after birth? It becomes “Fossa Ovalis” (it closes after 6 months: if it doesn't close its called PFO)
What event creates heart sounds? Closure of the valves (opening and closure of the valves with the blood flow)
The first heart sound is created by what event? Closure of AV valves (Tricuspid & Bicuspid valves)
Where is “pericardial fluid” found? In the “Pericardial cavity” (the pericardium)
What two structures form the “Pericardial cavity” It is located between the Parietal layer of the Serous Pericardium and the Visceral layer of the serous pericardium. (the visceral and parietal pericardium)
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium forms what layer of the heart? Epicardium (epicardial layer)
Name the most vascular layer of the heart: Epicardium
Name the least vascular of the heart: Endocardium
Name one condition where “painless transmural infarction” is witnessed: heart attack (Elderly)
Please define “Ischemia”: Insufficient/inadequate blood supply to a tissue/organ due to restricted blood supply. (decreased blood flow or oxygen to the heart)
What type of adrenergic receptors are found in the heart? Beta 1 (alpha 1, beta 1, and beta 2)
In this type of angina, the episode of Angina occurs at rest and is not relieved by traditional management:c Unstable Angina
Collateral circulation of the coronary arteries naturally occurs in this age group_________: Elderly
What is the resting membrane potential of human cells? Always Negative (Range value = -20mv to -200 mv) (-60mV to -70mV)
What is the major intracellular cation in human cells? Potassium
During Sodium Potassium activated pump how many potassium ions move in what direction? 2 potassium ions move inside the cell
Phase “1” of the action potential of the conducting system of the heart involves the influx of what ions? influx of Sodium
Phase “3” of the action potential of the conducting system of the heart involves the efflux of what ions? influx of Potassium
What cellular feature of the cardiac tissue makes them behave like a functional syncytium? Intercalated discs (gap junctions)
Phase “2” of the action potential of the conducting system of the heart involves the influx of what ions? influx of Calcium
During Sodium Potassium activated pump how many sodium ions move in what direction? 3 sodium move out of the cell
All phases of the action potential of the heart can be blocked by blocking these types of adrenergic receptors: Beta 1
Most of the ventricular filling of the blood is due to _______: Gravity
What is the correct term for a normal ballooning of an artery? Sinus
What is the correct term for an abnormal ballooning of an artery? Aneurysm
What is the correct term for a normal ballooning of a vein? Bulb
What is the correct term for an abnormal ballooning of a vein? Varicosity (as in “Varicose veins)
These cells are the sensors of sodium chloride located in the kidney_______: Macula Densa
Produce “Renin” Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
What is the action of Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)? It converts Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2
Angiotensinogen is produced by the ________________: Liver
Angiotensin 2 is produced here_________________: Lungs (by the action of Angiotensin Converting enzyme)
Blood pressure is equal to _______________________________: Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
Most of the Anterior surface of the heart is formed by this _________chamber of the heart? right ventricle
The right border of the heart is formed by this chamber____________________? right atrium
In fetal circulation the “Right Atrium” is directly connected the “Left Atrium” via this opening? Oval foramen (Foramen Ovale)
In fetal circulation the “Pulmonary artery/trunk” is directly connected the “Arch of Aorta” via this shunt? Ductus Arteriosus
What blood vessel brings oxygenated blood to the fetal circulation via the placenta? Umbilical Vein
In what percentage of human population, the foramen ovale of the heart will not close completely? 25%
Where is the apex of the heart located? Left 5th intercostal space (the bottom tip)
What happens to Foramen ovale of the heart after birth? It becomes “Fossa Ovalis” (it closes after 6 months: if it doesn't close its called PFO)
What event creates heart sounds? Closure of the valves (opening and closure of the valves with the blood flow)
The first heart sound is created by what event? Closure of AV valves (Tricuspid & Bicuspid valves)
Where is “pericardial fluid” found? In the “Pericardial cavity” (the pericardium)
What two structures form the “Pericardial cavity” It is located between the Parietal layer of the Serous Pericardium and the Visceral layer of the serous pericardium. (the visceral and parietal pericardium)
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium forms what layer of the heart? Epicardium (epicardial layer)
Name the most vascular layer of the heart: Epicardium
Name the least vascular of the heart: Endocardium
Name one condition where “painless transmural infarction” is witnessed: heart attack (Elderly)
Please define “Ischemia”: Insufficient/inadequate blood supply to a tissue/organ due to restricted blood supply. (decreased blood flow or oxygen to the heart)
What type of adrenergic receptors are found in the heart? Beta 1 (alpha 1, beta 1, and beta 2)
In this type of angina, the episode of Angina occurs at rest and is not relieved by traditional management:c Unstable Angina
Collateral circulation of the coronary arteries naturally occurs in this age group_________: Elderly
What is the resting membrane potential of human cells? Always Negative (Range value = -20mv to -200 mv) (-60mV to -70mV)
What is the major intracellular cation in human cells? Potassium
During Sodium Potassium activated pump how many potassium ions move in what direction? 2 potassium ions move inside the cell
Phase “1” of the action potential of the conducting system of the heart involves the influx of what ions? influx of Sodium
Phase “3” of the action potential of the conducting system of the heart involves the efflux of what ions? influx of Potassium
What cellular feature of the cardiac tissue makes them behave like a functional syncytium? Intercalated discs (gap junctions)
Phase “2” of the action potential of the conducting system of the heart involves the influx of what ions? influx of Calcium
During Sodium Potassium activated pump how many sodium ions move in what direction? 3 sodium move out of the cell
All phases of the action potential of the heart can be blocked by blocking these types of adrenergic receptors: Beta 1
Most of the ventricular filling of the blood is due to _______: Gravity
What is the correct term for a normal ballooning of an artery? Sinus
What is the correct term for an abnormal ballooning of an artery? Aneurysm
What is the correct term for a normal ballooning of a vein? Bulb
What is the correct term for an abnormal ballooning of a vein? Varicosity (as in “Varicose veins)
These cells are the sensors of sodium chloride located in the kidney_______: Macula Densa
Produce “Renin” Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
What is the action of Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)? It converts Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2
Angiotensinogen is produced by the ________________: Liver
Angiotensin 2 is produced here_________________: Lungs (by the action of Angiotensin Converting enzyme)
Blood pressure is equal to _______________________________: Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
Created by: user-1789969
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