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Psychology, SZ
Schizophrenia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are 4 core positive symptoms of SZ according to the ICD-11? | Persistent delusions, persistent hallucinations, thought disorder and experiences of influence. |
| What are the 4 core negative symptoms of SZ according to the ICD-11? | avolition, flattened affect, impaired cognitive function and catatonia. |
| Define the negative symptom 'Avolition' | lack of motivation |
| Define 'Flattened affect' | reduced emotional expression |
| Define 'Impaired Cognitive function' | reduced memory or attention |
| Define the symptom 'Catatonia' | lack of movement or speech |
| Define what is 'Delusions' | a belief that is not based in reality, e.g. someone is trying to harm you. |
| Define 'Hallucinations' | sensory experiences, mostly auditory or visual, that are not real |
| What is meant by 'Thought disorder' | an inability to think and speak in an organised manner |
| What is meant by the symptom 'Experiences of influence'? | the belief that your thoughts or actions are influenced or controlled by someone or something external. |
| What is meant by Positive symptoms? | An experience that is 'in addition to' normal experience |
| What is meant by Negative symptoms? | level of functioning or experience falls below normal levels |
| What are the requirements for a diagnosis of SZ to be made? | 1. Symptoms must have persisted for at least one month 2. Symptoms must not be due to another health condition like a brain tumor or due to the effect of a substance or medication. |
| What are the three types of delusions? | Persecutory delusions, Grandiose delusions and Delusion of reference. |
| What is meant by 'Persecutory delusions'? | a strong belief that you are in danger or that you are being conspired against and that people are trying to harm you |
| What is meant by 'Grandiose Delusions'? | The belief that you are someone with special abilities or special powers, e.g. a superhero. |
| What is meant by 'Delusion of reference'? | The belief that events in the environment are related to you, e.g. a television is talking about you. |
| What does the genetic explanation for SZ say? | genes or particular combinations of genes are passed on to offspring which may cause the disorder to develop |
| What is the evidence for the genetic explanation for SZ? | 1. Gottesman (1991) found that if you have an identical twin with SZ your chances of developing it increases by 48% 2. Tienari et al (2000) found SZ in 6.7% of adoptees with a biological mother with SZ compared to just 4% of a control group |
| Explain the Dopamine hypothesis for SZ | it states that the brains of people with SZ produce more dopamine than the brains of people without SZ |
| Is there a link between excessive amounts of dopamine or dopamine receptors and positive symptoms or negative symptoms? | Positive symptoms |
| Describe the background of the freeman study. | family studies, twin studies and adoption studies |
| Describe the sample of the Freeman study | 12 male and 12 female participants. All college students or administrative staff from UCL with an average age of 26 years and no history of mental illness |
| what was the sampling method used for the study | volunteer sampling |
| what was the type of experiment | Lab experiment |
| Describe what is Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | A 53 item self report measure that asses symptoms like hotility, anxiety and depression |
| What is the procedure of the Freeman study | - Participants explored VR environment - After 5 minutes, they exited the virtual room. - then they completed questionnaires and were interviewed about their experience and then finally were asked to complete another questionnaire |
| Describe 1 finding of the Freeman study related to gender | there were no significant gender differences in VR Persecution |
| State 2 strenghts of the Freeman | equal men and women in the sample, Lab setting |
| State 2 weaknesses of the freeman study | Small sample, Low temporal validity (VR experience in 2003 is very different) |
| Describe the cognitive explanation of SZ | SZ is viewed as involving faulty mental processes |
| What are the 2 types of antipsychotics? | Typical and atypical |
| What is one side effect for typical antipsychotics | Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary muscle spasms) ) |
| What are 3 side effects for atypical antipsychotics? | weight gain, drowsiness and difficulties in concentration |
| What is CBT? | Cognitive Behavioral therapy is a talking therapy designed to help people change through recognizing and challenging their thoughts. |
| State 3 strengths of CBT | 1. Its a more long-term treatment 2. gives clients the ability to accept and control their SZ 3. No side effects |
| State 3 weaknesses of CBT | 1. Not very convenient 2. Might not fix the root biological cause 3. Less effective with severe SZ. |
| What is ECT? | Electro cunvulsive therapy involves passing electricity through the brain with the intention of inducing a seizure. |
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Abigail-
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