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Life Science Exam 4
Content From the Review (chapter 20)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is a more accurate description for the secondhand smoke emitted by a lit cigarette combined with the smoke exhaled by active smokers? | environmental tobacco smoke |
| During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, how is the air pressure inside the lungs affected? | It increases |
| What body signal, interpreted by the brain stem, will cause the diaphragm to contract? | levels of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Although children believe that "holding my breath until I die" is possible, why should parents not be concerned by this threat? | As a child holds his or her breath, carbon dioxide levels increase, stimulating breathing by the brain stem |
| As air is inhaled, which of these four structures is the last to be encountered? | bronchiole |
| What is the respiratory surface where gas exchange occurs? | alveoli |
| What route does air follow to the human lungs as it is inhaled? | nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveolus |
| In the alveoli and lung capillaries, how are carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged? | by diffusion |
| What results when the surfactant in the lungs is affected by smoking? | decreased gas exchange in the alveoli |
| Which statement about respiration is true? | Exhalation is an active process during intense exercise |
| Where can most of the oxygen in the blood be found? | bound to hemoglobin |
| What is the advantage of having grape-like clusters called alveoli as part of the respiratory system? | Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange. |
| Why is carbon monoxide deadly? | It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen |
| What is one consequence of long-term exposure to carbon monoxide, found in environmental tobacco smoke? | diminished brain function in infants and children |
| Chronic smoking can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, permanently damaging alveoli. What condition results from this process? | emphysema |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question: Which structure will connect to alveoli, where gas exchange will occur? | bronchioles |
| What does bright red blood indicate? | that oxygen is bound to hemoglobin |
| Which compound provides a slippery consistency in the lungs, preventing the alveoli walls from sticking together? | surfactant |
| Which structures lining the tissue surface of the respiratory tract can be damaged by airborne particles? | cilia |
| Signals from the nervous system are required for the respiratory system to perform which of the following actions? | coordinating the muscles controlling breathing |
| Which structures return blood to the heart? | veins |
| Some athletes use "blood doping," adding additional red blood cells to the blood, to achieve a competitive edge. What will the extra red blood cells do in the body? | increase O2 delivery to muscles |
| In copperhead snake venom, you'll find a protein called a disintegrin. Disintegrins bind to membrane receptors called integrins. Platelets use integrin receptors to clump at a site of tissue damage. What effect does disintegrin has on the snake's prey? | The molecule interferes with clot formation, so the venom can travel through the body more efficiently |
| How do the substances in tobacco smoke increase your risk for stroke and heart attack? | They promote the production of fibrinogen |
| What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle? | systole |
| What region of the heart acts as the heart's pacemaker? | sinoatrial (SA) node |
| Diver's reflex is a response to diving in aquatic mammals; it also occurs in humans. It causes changes like decreasing oxygen consumption, like slowed heart rate. Which region of the heart would affected by the nervous system to allow for slow heart rate? | SA node |
| Which best describes an artery? | Arteries carry blood away from the heart |
| In which blood vessels do the exchange of gases and other materials occur? | Capillaries |
| In which blood vessels is blood pressure the lowest? | veins |
| Which structures have valves to prevent blood from flowing backward? | veins |
| Which pathway correctly traces a drop of blood through the vascular system? | right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body, right atrium |
| Which chamber of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the systemic system first? | right atrium |
| A small mass of specialized muscle on the back wall of the right atrium, also known as the pacemaker, is medically known as what? | sinoatrial node |
| What is the purpose of the platelets, an important cell type within human blood? | They help form a clot at the site of a wound |
| Where do blood stem cells originate? | bone marrow |
| Which region of the circulatory system allows passage of nutrients and other small molecules to service nearby tissues? | capillaries |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question: In which of the labeled regions would blood pressure be the highest? | Region 5 |
| What is the physiological cause of a heart attack? | a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart |
| About how many years after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to the levels like those seen in people who never smoked? | 15 |
| What potential consequence on the cardiovascular system may result from smoking? | a higher risk of atherosclerosis |
| Which of the following statements is the most accurate about ETS? | Passive smokers inhale the same mix as active smokers, but less concentrated |
| Negative health effects of ETS include cancer. If the individual's voice is affected, the structure involved is the ________. | larynx |
| During inspiration(inhalation), when the diaphragm contracts and the air pressure of the chest cavity decreases, how is the volume inside the lungs affected? | It increases |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question. At which stage shown in the graph is the diaphragm strongly contracted? | deep inhale |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question. At which stage shown in the graph are abdominal muscles contracted? | strong exhale |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question. What is the approximate volume of air exchanged during restful breathing? | 500 ml |
| The alveoli are efficient respiratory surfaces because they... | provide a large surface area for absorption |
| People living at high altitudes become adapted to the low oxygen levels. The air pressure is also lower at high altitudes than at sea level. Which of the following is likely how the individuals' body adapted? | They produce more red blood cells |
| The bone marrow of long bones produces | blood stem cells |
| Which of the following statements about the human heart's structure and function is true? | The amount of blood leaving the left and the right ventricles is the same |
| The effect of small doses of nicotine is to stimulate brain cells to release epinephrine. This in turn... | increases heart rate and blood pressure |
Created by:
FaithMcBaith
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