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Chapter 4
The Muscular System (Vocabulary Words)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abduction | The movement of a limb (Arm/Leg) away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | The movement of a limb (Arm/Leg) toward the midline of the body |
| Adhesion | A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally |
| Ataxia | The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement |
| Atonic | Lacking normal muscle tone/strength |
| Atrophy | Weakness/wearing away of body tissues & structures |
| Bradykinesia | Extreme slowness in movement |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Swelling that creates pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | A disease of unknown cause that affects many body systems with symptoms similar to those of fibromyalgia |
| Circumduction | The circular movement at the far end of a limb |
| Compartment Syndrome | Involves the compression of nerves & blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm/leg; this syndrome can be caused by trauma, tight bandages/casts/repetitive acti |
| Dorsiflexion | The movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle |
| Dyskinesia | Distortion/impairment of voluntary movement |
| Dystonia | A movement disorder characterized by the involuntary & sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles |
| Electromyography | A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation |
| Epicondylitis | The inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow |
| Ergonomics | The study of the human factors that affect the design & operation of tools & the work environment |
| Exercise Physiologist | A specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, & coordinate exercise programs & administer medical tests to promote physical fitness |
| Fasciitis | Inflammation of a fascia |
| Fibromyalgia | A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse/specific muscle, joint/bone pain; & a wide range of other symptoms |
| Ganglion Cyst | A benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist/hand, sometimes as a result of a past injury |
| Heel Spur | A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel |
| Hemiparesis | Slight paralysis/weakness affecting one side of the body |
| Hemiplegia | Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body |
| Hernia | Occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it |
| Hyperkinesia | Abnormally increased muscle function/activity |
| Hypotonia | A condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles |
| Impingement Syndrome | Inflammation of tendons that get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint |
| Innervation | The stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve |
| Insertion | Where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone/tendon; in contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more movable attachment, & it is the farthest point from the midline of the body |
| Intermittent Claudication | Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise & is relieved by rest |
| Muscular Dystrophy | A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness & degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system |
| Myasthenia Gravis | A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction & produces weakness & rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles |
| Myoclonus | The quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle/group of muscles |
| Myofascial Release | A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, & carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Myoparesis | Weakness/slight muscular paralysis |
| Myorrhaphy | Surgical suturing of a muscle |
| Neuromuscular | Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve & muscle |
| Oblique | Slanted/at an angle |
| Origin | Where the muscle begins; located nearest the midline of the body/on a less movable part of the skeleton. The origin is the less movable attachment |
| Paralysis | The loss of sensation & voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease/injury to its nerve supply |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis of both legs & the lower part of the body |
| Physiatrist | A physician who specializes in physical medicine & rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function |
| Plantar Fasciitis | Inflammation of the plantar fascia causing foot/heel pain when walking/running |
| Polymyositis | Muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation & weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body |
| Pronation | The act of rotating the arm/leg so that the palm of the hand/sole of the foot is turned downward & backward |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four extremities |
| Sarcopenia | The loss of muscle mass, strength, & function that comes with aging |
| Shin Splint | Pain caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia |
| Singultus | Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm |
| Sphincter | A ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway |
| Sprain | Injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee/wrist that usually involves a wrenched/torn ligament |
| Tendinopathy | The general term for irritation/degeneration of a tendon in any joint, for example, in the rotator cuff |
| Tenodesis | Surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to bone |
| Tenolysis | The release of a tendon from adhesions |
| Tenosynovitis | Inflammation of the sheath around a tendon |
| Tenotomy | Surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release/allow lengthening |
| Torticollis | A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side |
| Transverse | In a crosswise direction |
Created by:
Alanna Baldwin
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