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Life Science Exam 5
Content covering chapter 21
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are disease-causing organisms called? | Pathogens |
| What description applies to a disease-causing organism that can spread from one organism to another? | Contagious |
| A research scientist is trying to design a new antibiotic that would break down the gelatinous capsule that surrounds each bacterial cell. What action would this antibiotic prevent in bacteria that would make it effective in preventing human illness? | Attaching to body cells to cause infection |
| Many bacteria carry plasmids containing bacterial genes that are easily and rapidly spread through an entire bacterial colony. Why are plasmids of concern to humans? | They carry genes for antibiotic resistance |
| Why is it important to keep your leftover chicken salad in the refrigerator? | Infectious bacteria like Salmonella reproduce more quickly at room temperature |
| Which disease is caused by bacteria that can paralyze respiratory muscles? | Botulism |
| Where would you be most likely to encounter E. coli bacteria? | In unpasteurized milk |
| You developed an antibiotic that inhibits a bacterial enzyme critical for formation of the cell wall. The bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic/ it's no longer effective. What is responsible for the bacteria not being sensitive to your antibiotic? | Over time, your antibiotic naturally selected for bacteria containing a gene that codes for an enzyme capable of metabolizing your antibiotic |
| One of the reasons that viruses are such effective infectious organisms is their ability to enter host cells. Which component of a virus is primarily responsible for this feat? | Viral envelope |
| Why aren't viruses classified as living organisms? | Viruses can't replicate themselves without a host cell |
| Which feature is common in a virus? | Capsid |
| AZT is an effective drug for treating HIV-infected individuals because it prevents the replication of new viral particles. The HIV virus has a genome made of RNA. Of the following, which represents the most likely target for the action of AZT? | Reverse transcriptase in the virus |
| Why are latent viruses more likely to be transmitted to unsuspecting hosts than other types of viruses? | Latent viruses can undergo long periods of dormancy, enabling infected hosts to transmit them to others unknowingly |
| True or false: Infectious diseases differ from genetic diseases in that infectious diseases are usually contagious | FALSE |
| What disease is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus? | Mononucleosis |
| What would be an action that public health officials could take to reduce the risk of Zika virus infection? | Work with natural resource managers to spray areas where mosquitoes breed |
| Which pathogens require a host cell because they can't make proteins on their own? | Viruses |
| A young woman with rhinovirus goes to the doctor to see if she can get a prescription for antibiotics. How would the antibiotics affect the rhinovirus? | The rhinovirus would not be affected by the antibiotics |
| Which pathogen is a eukaryote? | Giardia |
| By what process do bacteria reproduce? | Binary fission |
| An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic? | Through time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria |
| Which situation has contributed to widespread antibiotic resistance? | Farmers using an abundance of antibiotics to treat feedlot animals |
| What does the DPT vaccine protect against? | Whooping cough |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question: Which statement about viruses is correct? | The genes of a virus code for proteins necessary to make more viruses |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question: During which step in replication is the virus dependent upon the use of its own reverse transcriptase? | Step 2 |
| What does the HPV vaccine provide protection against? | Cervical cancer |
| Where can the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain dormant for an extended period? | Lungs |
| An individual contracts Lyme disease. In this case, how did transmission occur? | An intermediate host |
| Which method may effectively prevent the spread of botulism? | Thoroughly boil or cook all food products |
| An individual suffers a bite from a bat, resulting in the transmission of the virus that causes rabies. In this case, how did the infection occur? | Through vector-borne transmission |
| Which structure(s) represent a first line of defense against pathogens? | Skin |
| Which is an example of a specific line of defense against an infectious agent? | B cells stick to the invading pathogen's surface |
| In which gland do T cells undergo further maturation? | Thymus |
| Why would individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that's rare in the rest of the population? | They lack helper T cells |
| Which cells are important elements that comprise cell-mediated immunity? | Cytotoxic T cells |
| What cells of the immune system will help the body respond more quickly if the infectious agent is encountered again? | Memory |
| Which cells are important elements that comprise antibody-mediated immunity? | B cells |
| Why does HIV cause disease in people? | It destroys helper T cells |
| An individual gets a flu vaccine and is protected for the current flu season. The following flu season, the individual does not get a flu vaccine and gets the flu. What is the likely explanation for vaccine ineffectiveness in the subsequent flu season? | The flu virus mutated, leading to a new strain of virus that could escape detection by the immune system |
| What is a vaccine usually composed of? | Inactivated disease-causing microbes |
| The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. How do the weakened viruses protect vaccinated individuals against polio? | They promote production of antibodies |
| Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. What form of body defense applies to this example? | First line of defense |
| How can injecting a person with a vaccine of bacteria inactivated by high heat protect that individual from a disease? | The proteins of the killed bacteria stimulate the production of antibodies, which can be utilized later in response to infection |
| Both B cells and T cells make up the third line of defense against pathogens but do so in different ways. How do B cells function? | They make and secrete antibodies |
| What happens during an autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis? | Immune system cells attack healthy body cells |
| What causes fever? | Macrophages release pyrogens, which cause body temperature to increase |
| Which is a part of the body's nonspecific defense mechanism? | Skin |
| What is an immune system cell that binds to an antigen? | Antibody |
| Which specific defense mechanism defends primarily against antigens in body fluids? | Antibody-mediated immune system |
| Which specific defense mechanism protects against foreign organisms that have managed to infect body cells by destroying these cells? | Cell-mediated immune system |
| A strategy currently in clinical trials to treat Alzheimer's disease is to infuse patients with antibodies, which target the pathological protein produced in the disease, leading to its removal. What type of immune reaction applies to this technique? | Passive immunization |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question: A disease that prevented the continued development of lymphocytes in the bone might cause which action? | It would lead to a reduced antibody-mediated response |
| Which immune system protects the body from its own cancerous cells? | Cell-mediated immune system |
| What cells directly terminate antigens? | Cytotoxic T cells |
| Which cells are not normally involved in the functioning of the immune system in humans? | Red blood cells |
| You suffer a bee sting that leaves a red mark and is warm as well as itchy. What actions would be blocked by the medication that would be best to treat this body reaction? | Histamine |
| Which mode of transmission is used by the HIV virus in humans? | Blood transfusion |
| A mother, father, and son live together in the same house. The mother passes a cold to her son. The son then passes the cold to his father. If the virus has not mutated, should the mother be worried about catching the cold again from her husband? | No, memory cells will help the mother's immune system to quickly eliminate the virus |
| What happens during an allergic reaction? | The body mounts an immune reaction to a harmless substance |
| Antibiotics are used against bacterial infections but not for viral infections. This is because... | Antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall |
| Which of the following is the most likely effect of parents choosing not to vaccinate their kids and still sending them go to school? | They place the weakest "herd" members at risk |
| Which of the following statements is not true about the second line of defense against infection? | It is a specific defense mechanism |
| Identify the second line of defense mechanism that reduces bacterial growth | Fever |
| What inhibits viral reproduction? | Interferons |
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FaithMcBaith
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