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Disorders O/M ear
Audiology Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ottorrhea | Liquid Drainage coming from the ear |
| Ottorrhea can be associated with? | An infection or perforated eardrum, pain and or fever |
| Ottorrhea can have a ______ smell with it, most common in ___________ | Pungent, cholesteatoma |
| Otalgia | Medical term for general ear pain |
| Otalgia can have many different causes, name six of them. | • Infection • TMJ • Trauma • Cerumen • Middle ear pressure • Pain hyperacusis |
| Microtia | Pinna is small and/or misshapen |
| Microtia is mostly associated with _________, this is a ______ disorder | Abnormal development, congenital |
| Microtia affects the ________ properties of the _________ and _______ which are responsible for providing gain at specific frequences | Resonance, pinna, ear canal |
| What can be done for Microtia? | Surgery can be performed to reshape the pinna |
| Atresia | No ear canal opening |
| In Atresia, the pinna can be? | Small, misshaped, or completely absent |
| In Atresia, the canal could be closed by either? | • Skin flap over opening • Bony canal never developed |
| What can be done for Atresia? | Surgery can be performed to reconstruct the ear canal |
| Anotia | No ear |
| With Anotia, before surgical intervention what should be done? | Imaging for inner and middle ear structures is performed to determine if hearing could be restored |
| In Anotia, if inner ear structures are present, what could the patient do? | Patient could wear a Bone-anchored hearing aid |
| Stenosis | Abnormal narrowing passage in the body |
| In the ear we refer to stenosis as a? | Narrow external auditory meatus (ear canal) |
| Stenosis can effect the sound _______ properties and gain properties of the _________ | Resonant, ear canal |
| Stenosis makes what difficult? | Fit hearing aids if needed |
| Stenosis can become an issue for __________. If cerumen cannot work its way out of the canal it eventually becomes ________ | Cerumen, occluding |
| Can Stenosis be treated surgically? | Yes |
| Cerumen impaction | Cerumen (Earwax) blocking the EAM can cause hearing loss temporarily |
| With cerumen impaction, cerumen can be removed _________ or with _______ by many different healthcare providers | Manually, water |
| Cerumen can be removed manually or with water by many different healthcare providers, name four of them: | • Nurse Practitioner • Otolaryngologist (ENT) • Audiologist • Primary Care Physician |
| Cerumen impaction is common in ________ population | Elderly |
| What are two reasons cerumen impaction is common among the elderly? | • Collapsing canals due to ageing result in cerumen not being able to work its way out of the ear • Blocking the canal with hearing aid can increase likelihood of cerumen impaction |
| Perichonditis | Infection of the tissue covering the cartilage of the pinna, |
| Perichonditis can be extremely ________ | Painful |
| What are three perichonditis treatments? | • Antibiotics and corticosteroids • Incisions to drain fluid • Pain relievers |
| Dermatitis of the Ear Canal | Skin irritation characterized by itching, redness, skin peeling, skin cracking and sometimes clear discharge |
| Dermatitis of the Ear Canal can be treated by what two people? | ENT, PCP |
| Dermatitis of the Ear Canal can be treated by ENT or PCP with? | Topical corticosteroids |
| Herpes Zoster Oticus (HZ Oticus) | Viral infection of the ear that results in severe otalgia and vesicular disruption around the ear |
| HZ Oticus can sometimes result in? | Facial paralysis, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome |
| Otomycosis | Fungal Infection of the external auditory meatus |
| Otomycosis is typically very ______ - more common in _________ infection than in ________ | Itchy, fungal, bacterial |
| What is the treatment for Otomycosis? | Cleaning and anti-fungal eardrops |
| Otitis Externa | Infection of the External Auditory Meatus |
| What are symptoms of Otitis Externa? | • Severe Otalgia • Itchiness • Liquid or pus discharge |
| Otitis Externa is often referred to as _________ since frequent water exposure in the external ear increases the risk of developing Otitis Externa | Swimmers Ear |
| Exostosis | Benign outgrowth from bone that can occur inside of the external auditory meatus |
| Exostosis does not usually cause ________, but can make what three complications for audiologists? | Hearing loss • Ear impressions • Hearing Aid comfort • Cerumen Managemen |
| Exostosis may occur with higher prevalence in frequent ____________. This may be called ______ ear | Cold water swimmers, Surfers |
| Trauma | Anything that causes damage to the physical structure of the external ear |
| With trauma, damage can occur in what two areas of the ear? | The canal and the pinna |
| With trauma, damage can occur to the canal. An example of this is? | Temporal Bone Fracture from head trauma: MVA |
| With trauma, damage can occur to the pinna. An example of this is? | Damage can also occur to the pinna; Evander Holyfield |
| More recent body modification trend that can have _______ implications for hearing ability | Negative |
| What is an example of a negative body modifications to the ear? | Conch Removal |
| Tympanic Perforation can occur four different ways, what are they? | • Trauma • Otitis Media • Barotrauma • Insects |
| Tympanic perforation can result in ___________ if big enough | Conductive hearing loss |
| What is a surgical intervention used for tympanic perforations? | Tympanoplasty |
| Tympanoplasty | Uses a graft to surgically reconstructs the TM |
| A Tympanoplasty is performed by an? | Otolaryngologist |
| What can Tympanoplasty restore? | Separation between EAM and middle ear space |
| Tympanoplasty may restoring hearing ________ or __________ | Completely or partially |
| Graft | In medicine means to transplant living tissue |
| Otitis Media | Middle ear infection |
| Otitis Media is most common in __________ but can also occur in _______ | Children, adults |
| Otitis Media is one of the most prone areas of the body to infection due to? | Poor aeration |
| Otitis Media can be __________ painful | Extremely |
| What are three causes of Otitis Media? | • Eustachian Tube Dysfunction • Craniofacial Disorders • Upper respiratory infection |
| What are two surgical interventions for Otitis Media? | Pressure Equalization Tubes (PE tubes) and Myringotomy |
| When are Pressure Equalization Tubes (PE tubes) usually employed? | Usually performed for Eustachian Tube Dysfunction or for chronic middle ear effusion |
| PE tubes are usually inserted when middle ear effusion lasts for how long? | 3 months |
| Myringotomy | Essentially lansing the TM to drain fluid |
| Mastoid process is? | Porous “spongey bone” with many small air cells |
| Mastoid process, process (extension) off the ________ bone | Temporal |
| The Mastoid Process looks like a? | Honey comb |
| If ___________ goes untreated, Infection could travel into the mastoid bone – causing ________ | Otitis Media, Mastoiditis |
| If Mastoiditis is left untreated, it could cause serious and even life-threatening issues such as? | • Meningitis • Brain Abscess |
| What is a surgical intervention for Mastoiditis? | Mastoidectomy |
| Mastoidectomy | Surgical removal of diseased air cells in mastoid process of temporal bone |
| Mastoidectomy can result in a very large ________ | External Auditory Meatus |
| Mastoidectomy leading to a very large EAM may result in these three things: | • Changes acoustic resonance properties • Measurable with tympanometry (Ear Canal Volume) • Implications of Earmold impressions |
| Paragangloimas (Glomus Tumor) | Tumor of Glomus Cells |
| Glomus cells | receptors part of the peripheral nervous system that extend into blood vessels to detect chemical change |
| Glomus tumors are ________, but must be removed because they can invade? | Benign, the middle ear space |
| How does the glomus tumor appear? | Bulging red bulb behind the TM in otoscopy |
| With glomus tumors, patients report? | “Pulsatile” tinnitus |
| Otosclerosis | Bone growth on ossicular chain |
| Where is the most common location for Otosclerosis? | Where the stapes inserts into oval window of cochlea |
| Bone growth is highly __________ and can sometimes be visualized during otoscopy; _____________ | Vasculized, Schwartz Sign |
| Otosclerosis is more common in _______. _______% is genetic. It can present with hormone changes during ________ | Females, 70%, pregnancy |
| Otosclerosis Displays unique morphology of ______________; ____________ notch - __________ notch | Pure tone audiogram, Carharts Notch – 2 kHz BONE notch |
| What is a surgical intervention for Otosclerosis? | Stapedectomy |
| If Otosclerosis is sever enough, what might an Otolaryngologist do? | Replace stapes with prosthesis |
| Stapedectomy | Replacing stapes bone with prosthetic |
| Ossicular Discontinuity | The ossicular chain becomes partially or fully detached |
| What are four causes of Ossicular Discontinuity? | • Trauma • Cholesteatoma • Chronic Otitis Media • Blast/impulse Acoustic Trauma |
| Ossicular Discontinuity shows what on a tympanogram and audiogram? | Type Ad tympanogram and conductive hearing loss on audiogram |
| Ossicular Discontinuity can be surgically repaired by? | Graphing ossicles |
| Cholesteatoma | Abnormal skin growth within the middle ear space |
| Cholesteatoma usually takes the form of a _______ that sheds skin in the _________ space | Cyst, middle ear |
| Cholesteatoma is usually caused by? | Repeat infections resulting in inward skin growth from the TM |
| Cholesteatoma is often associated with? | Otorrhea |
| What can occur if Cholesteatoma goes untreated? | It can erode ossicular chain and base of skull; produce enzymes that erode bone |
| Eustachian Tube Dysfunction | Eustachian tube does not open to equalize middle ear pressure |
| Eustachian Tube Dysfunction can lead to what four things? | • Negative middle ear pressure – retracted TM • Otitis media – poor aeration • Feeling of ear fullness or pressure • Conductive hearing loss |
| Perilymphatic Fistula | Tear or damage to one or both of the oval or round window membranes which result in perilymph fluid leaking out of the cochlea |
| Perilymphatic Fistula symptoms: | • Vertigo/balance disorders • Hearing loss |
| Perilymphatic Fistula causes: | • Head trauma • Abnormal intracranial pressure (Perilymph is connected with CSF) |
| Perilymphatic Fistula treatment: | • Rest – avoid strenuous activity • Surgically plug fistula |
| What are two roles of an Audiologist? | • Diagnosis of hearing disorder to the limits of our equipment • Be aware of warning signs to refer patients to ENT for medical consultation |
| What are four warning signs an Audiologist should look for for Middle Ear Disorder? | • Otalgia • Ottorhea • Abnormal Otoscopy (cone of light?) • Abnormal Tympanometry |
Created by:
RachelJClark
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