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Chapter 13
The Endocrine System (Vocabulary Words)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acromegaly | A rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (Hands & Feet) caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty |
| Addison's Disease | A condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol/aldosterone |
| Adrenalitis | Inflammation of the adrenal glands |
| Aldosteronism | An abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | Secreted by the hypothalamus & stored in the pituitary gland; helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys |
| Calcitonin | Produced by the thyroid gland; hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood & tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones & teeth |
| Corticosteroids | Steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex |
| Cortisol | Also known as hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action; also helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, & proteins in the body |
| Cretinism | A congenital form of hypothyroidism |
| Cushing's Syndrome | A condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol |
| Diabetes Insipidus | An uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone/by the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone |
| Diabetes Mellitus | A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body's production of insulin (Type 1)/its ability to use it properly (Type 2) |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | A life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a buildup of acids (Ketones) in the blood |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | Damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes |
| Electrolytes | Mineral substances-calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, & potassium, that are normally found in the blood & other bodily fluids |
| Epinephrine | Also known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury/mental stress such as fear |
| Estrogen | Hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development & maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics & in regulation of the menstrual cycle |
| Exophthalmos | An abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone | Stimulates the secretion of estrogen & the growth of ova (Eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (Testes) |
| Fructosamine Test | A blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past three weeks |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | A form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies |
| Gigantism | Abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty |
| Glucagon | Hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream; increases the glucose level by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream |
| Glucose | Basic form of energy used by the body |
| Grave's Disease | A disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland & stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone |
| Growth Hormone | Also known as somatotropic hormone; regulates the growth of bone, muscle, & other body tissues |
| Gynecomastia | The condition of excessive mammary development in the male |
| Hashimoto's Disease | An autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack & destroy the cells of the thyroid gland |
| Hypercalcemia | Abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones & teeth |
| Hyperglycemia | An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood |
| Hyperinsulinism | A condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream |
| Hyperpituitarism | The excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly & gigantism |
| Hyperthyroidism | The overproduction of thyroid hormones |
| Hypoglycemia | An abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood |
| Hypothyroidism | A condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion |
| Insulin | Hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream |
| Insulinoma | A benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin, causing hypoglycemia |
| Ketosis | A normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking |
| Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy | A minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one/both adrenal glands |
| Leptin | Hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite |
| Luteinizing Hormone | Stimulates ovulation in the female. In the male, stimulates the secretion of testosterone |
| Myxedema | A severe form of adult hypothyroidism caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion |
| Norepinephrine | Released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla & as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth; after childbirth, it controls postnatal hemorrhage & stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary glands |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas |
| Parathyroidectomy | Surgical removal of one/more of the parathyroid glands |
| Pituitary Adenoma | A slow-growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland, functional pituitary tumors often produce hormones in large & unregulated amounts |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst |
| Polyphagia | Excessive hunger |
| Polyuria | Excessive urination |
| Prediabetes | A condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes |
| Progesterone | Hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary; its function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy |
| Prolactinoma | A benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin |
| Puberty | Process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing; marked by maturing of the genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, & the first occurrence of menstruation in the female |
| Radioactive Iodine Treatment | Oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells |
| Steroids | A large family of hormones derived from cholesterol |
| Testosterone | Steroid hormone secreted by the testicles & the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics |
| Thymectomy | Surgical removal of the thymus gland |
| Thymosin | Plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells |
| Thyroxine | One of two primary thyroid hormones (The Other is Triiodothyronine) that regulate the rate of metabolism & affect the growth & rate of function of many other body systems |
Created by:
Alanna Baldwin
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