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Chapter 2
The Chemistry Life (Vocabulary)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | A substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H ions when dissolved in water |
| Active Transport | Mechanism requiring energy by which cells acquire materials against a concentration gradient |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | High-energy fuel molecule the cell needs to function |
| Amine Group | NH2; Found in amino acids |
| Ammonia | Molecule that comes from the decomposition of proteins via the digestive process and the conversion of amino acids in cellular respiration to Adenosine Triphosphate molecules |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons or electrons in an atom |
| Atoms | The smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element |
| Base | A substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water |
| Bonds | Formed when atoms combine chemically with one another |
| Brownian Movement | The random collision of diffusing molecules |
| Buffers | A substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions |
| Carbohydrates | Made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Carbon Dioxide | Chemical produced as a waste product of cellular respiration |
| Carboxyl Group | The COOH group found in amino acids and fatty acids |
| Catalysts | Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being affected by that reaction |
| Compound | Formed when two or more elements combine via bonding |
| Covalent Bond | A bond in which the atoms share electrons to fill their outermost energy levels |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell that determines all the functions and characteristics of the cell |
| Deoxyribose | A five-carbon sugar found in Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules through a medium from an area of high concentration of those molecules to an area of low concentration of those molecules |
| Electron Acceptors | Molecules that gain electrons during a reaction |
| Electron Carriers | Molecules that gain electrons only to lose them to some other molecule in a very short time |
| Electron Donors | Molecules furnishing electrons during a reaction |
| Electrons | Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom at some distance from its center |
| Element | A substance whose atoms all contains the same number of protons and electrons |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Energy Levels | The levels in which electrons are grouped |
| Enzymes | Protein catalysts |
| Fatty Acids | Along with glycerol, a building block of fats |
| Fructose | A six-carbon sugar |
| Glucose | A six-carbon sugar |
| Glycerol | A simple molecule similar to a sugar except that it has only a three-carbon chain; part of a fat |
| Glycogen | Animal starch |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of bond that helps hold water molecules together by forming a bridge between the negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen atoms of another water molecule |
| Hydroxyl Group | The OH group found in sugars |
| Hypertonic Solution | Solution in which water molecules will move out of a cell and the cell will shrink, as in a 5% salt solution |
| Hypotonic Solution | Solution in which water molecules will move into a cell and the cell will swell, as in pure distilled water |
| Ionic Bond | A bond that is formed when one atom gains electrons while the other atom loses electrons from its outermost energy level |
| Ions | Charged atom |
| Isotonic Solution | Solution in which water molecules diffuse into and out of a cell membrane at equal rates, as in normal saline solution |
| Isotopes | Different kinds of atoms of the same element |
| Lipids | Substances that are insoluble in water like fats |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | A type of RNA that transcribes the genetic code of a Deoxyribonucleic Acid molecule |
| Mineral Salts/Electrolytes | Composed of small ions; they are essential for the survival and functioning of the body's cells |
| Molecular Oxygen | Necessary to convert food into chemical energy Adenosine Triphosphate |
| Molecule | The smallest combination or particle retaining all the properties of a compound |
| Neutrons | Part of the central nucleus that makes up an atom; carries no charge |
| Nucleic Acids | The genetic material of a cell, either Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) or Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
| Nucleotides | Complex molecules made up of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base; the building blocks of nucleic acids |
| Orbitals | The paths that electrons travel in an energy level |
| Osmosis | Kind of diffusion that pertains only to the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Peptide Bonds | Covalent bonds that form between different amino acids to form proteins |
| Periodic Table | Table that arranges the elements in such a way that similar properties repeat at periodic intervals |
| PH | The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
| Primary Structure | Protein structure based on amino acid sequence |
| Proteins | Covalently bonded amino acids composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Protons | Part of the central nucleus that makes up an atom; has a positive charge |
| Purines | A nitrogen base consisting of a fused double ring of nine atoms of carbon and nitrogen |
| Pyrimidines | A nitrogen base consisting of a single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen |
| Quaternary Structure | Protein structure determined by spatial relationships between amino acids |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | A type of nucleic acid |
| Ribose | A five-carbon sugar found in Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
| Saturated | A fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds |
| Secondary Structure | Protein structure determined by hydrogen bonds between amino acids, resulting in a helix or a pleated sheet |
| Selectively Permeable Membrane | Allows only certain materials to pass through, like water through a plasma membrane |
| Solute | Substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | A medium allowing other reactions to occur in |
| Tertiary Structure | Protein structure with a secondary folding |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | A type of Ribonucleic Acid that translates the code of a Deoxyribonucleic Acid molecule that was copied by Messenger RNA |
| Triacylglycerol | Types of fats found in the human body |
| Unsaturated | A fatty acid that contains one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms |
| Water | The most abundant substance in living cells |
Created by:
Alanna Baldwin
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