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Chapter 3
Cell Structure (Vocabulary)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autolysis | The process of self-destruction in old or weakened cells |
| Carotene | A carotenoid pigment in plant cells that produces a red-orange color |
| Cellulose | Carbohydrate material that makes the cell wall of plant cells, fiber in our diet |
| Centrioles | Two centrioles make up a centrosome; they produce spindle fibers during cell division |
| Centrosome | Area near the nucleus made of two centrioles |
| Chloroplasts | Organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; contain the pigment chlorophyll |
| Chromatin | Term used to describe the genetic material inside a nucleus before duplication |
| Chromoplasts | Plastids in plant cells that contain the carotenoid pigments |
| Cilia | Small hairs found on cells that function in movement of materials across the cell's outer surface |
| Cisternae | Cavities of an endoplasmic reticulum that are sac or channel-like |
| Cristae | The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
| Cytoplasm | The protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell that determines all the functions and characteristics of the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A complex system of membranes that form a collection of membrane-bound cavities in a cell |
| Eukaryotic | Refers to higher cells, like those of the human body, with membrane-bound organelles |
| Flagella | Long fibers that push a cell like the flagellum of a sperm cell |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Term used to describe the arrangement of protein and phospholipid molecules in a plasma or cell membrane |
| Golgi Body/Apparatus | Consists of an assembly of flat sac-like cisternae that look like a stack of saucers or pancakes; used as a storage area in the cell |
| Granum | Stacks of membranes found in chloroplasts |
| Lamella | 1. System of membranes that connect grana in a chloroplast 2. Layer of concentric rings surrounding the Haversian canals |
| Leucoplasts | Plastid in plant cells that contains no pigment, but stores sugar or starch |
| Lysosomes | Small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the breakdown of cellular components |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | A type of RNA that transcribes the genetic code of a DNA molecule |
| Micrometers | More common term used instead of microns |
| Microns | A cellular measurement equal to one-thousandth of a millimeter |
| Microtubules | Long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin |
| Mitochondrion | Small oblong-shaped structure composed of two membranes; the powerhouse of the cell where ATP is made |
| Nonpolar | Compounds with unpolarized bonds |
| Nuclear Membrane | Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | A spherical particle within the nucleoplasm that does not have a covering membrane around it |
| Nucleoplasm | That protoplasm inside the nucleus of a cell |
| Nucleus | 1. A mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the central nervous system 2. Part of an atom |
| Organelles | Structures within the protoplasm |
| Plasma Membrane | Membrane surrounding cells |
| Plasmalemma | Membrane surrounding cells; also called the plasma membrane |
| Polar | A molecule with an unequal distribution of bonding electrons |
| Prokaryotic | Refers to cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria |
| Protein Synthesis | Process in which cells produce proteins |
| Protoplasm | The liquid part of a cell |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell that determines all the functions and characteristics of the cell |
| Ribosomes | Tiny granules distributed throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs |
| Rough (Granular) ER | Granular endoplasmic reticulum |
| Smooth (Agranular) ER | Agranular endoplasmic reticulum |
| Thylakoid | Individual double membranes that make up a granum in a chloroplast |
| Transcription | Process by which mRNA copies the genetic code in a DNA molecule |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | A type of RNA that translates the code of a DNA molecule that was copied by mRNA |
| Translation | Process by which tRNA reads the code on mRNA and gets the amino acids to make a protein |
| Tubulin | Protein fibers that make up the spindle during cell division |
| Vacuoles | An area within the cytoplasm that is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane |
| Xanthophyll | A carotenoid pigment in plant cells that produces a yellow color |
Created by:
Alanna Baldwin
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