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Chapter 4
Cellular Metabolism & Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis (Vocabulary)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acetaldehyde | An intermediate product of fermentation |
| Acetic Acid | An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle |
| Acetyl-CoA | An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle |
| Adenine | A purine nitrogen base |
| Aerobic | Requires oxygen |
| Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid | An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle |
| Anabolism | An energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Respiration that does not require oxygen |
| Anaphase | Third and shortest stage of mitosis |
| Anaphase I | Stage of meiosis in which the centromere does not divide |
| Anaphase II | Stage of meiosis in which the centromeres of the chromosomes divide |
| Aster | A starburst cluster of microtubules of tubulin produced by the centriole |
| Calories | Unit used to measure energy |
| Carcinogens | Cancer-causing agents |
| Carcinomas | Tumors developing from epithelial tissue |
| Catabolism | An energy-releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones |
| Cell Cycle | Process by which a cell divides into two and duplicates its genetic material |
| Cell Plate | First stage of a new cell wall forming at the equator of a dividing plant cell |
| Cellular Respiration/Metabolism | The energy changes that occur in cells |
| Centromere | Portion of a duplicated chromosome that holds the two daughter chromatids together |
| Chiasmata | Figures of chromosomes during crossing-over |
| Chromatids | Duplicated copies of a chromosome |
| Chromatin | Term used to describe the genetic material inside a nucleus before duplication |
| Citric Acid | An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle |
| Cleavage Furrow | Pinching in of an animal cell membrane during cell division |
| Clones | Exact duplicates |
| Co-enzyme A | Converts acetic acid to acetyl-CoA |
| Crossing-Over | The exchange of genetic material during prophase I of meiosis |
| Cytochrome System | An electron carrier complex |
| Cytokinesis | The phase of cell division in which division and duplication of the cytoplasm occur |
| Cytosine | A pyrimidine nitrogen base |
| Diploid | The full complement of chromosomes |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell that determines all the functions and characteristics of the cell |
| Down Syndrome | A congenital defect commonly caused by an extra chromosome 21 |
| Electron Transfer/Transport System | The aerobic mechanism of respiration which produces most of the ATP molecules from the breakdown of glucose |
| Ethyl Alcohol | A final product of fermentation |
| Fermentation | Process in which yeast breaks down glucose anaerobically (In the absence of oxygen) |
| Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) | An electron carrier |
| Gametogenesis | The formation of the gametes |
| Gene | A sequence of organic nitrogen base pairs that codes for a polypeptide or protein |
| Glucose | A six-carbon sugar |
| Glycolysis | The first step in cellular respiration in which a glucose molecule gets broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid; does not require oxygen; occurs in the cytoplasm |
| Guanine | A purine nitrogen base |
| Haploid | Half the number of chromosomes |
| Interphase | A stage of the cell cycle |
| Kinetochore | A disk of protein on the centromere |
| Klinefelter's Syndrome | Caused by males who have extra X chromosomes |
| Krebs Citric acid Cycle | The step after glycolysis that takes place in the mitochondria during which pyruvic acid gets broken down into carbon dioxide gas and water; requires oxygen |
| Lactic Acid | The final product of anaerobic production of ATP in muscle cells |
| Malic Acid | An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle |
| Meiosis | A reduction division that occurs in the gonads to produce egg and sperm cells |
| Metabolism | The total chemical changes that occur inside a cell |
| Metaphase | Second stage of mitosis |
| Metaphase I | Stage in meiosis in which the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore only on the outside of each centromere |
| Metaphase II | Stage in meiosis in which the spindle fibers bind to both sides of the centromere |
| Metastases | Movement beyond the place of origin |
| Metastasize | Defective cancerous cells spread to other parts of the body |
| Mitosis | Process in which nuclear material is exactly replicated |
| Mutation | A mistake in the copying of genetic material |
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NDA) | An electron carrier |
| Nucleic Acid | The genetic material of a cell, either DNA or RNA |
| Nucleotides | Complex molecules made up of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base; the building blocks of nucleic acids |
| Oogenesis | Formation of the female sex cells |
| Oxaloacetic Acid | An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle |
| Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) | An intermediate product of glycolysis |
| Phosphoglyceric Acid (PGA) | An intermediate product of glycolysis |
| Phosphorylation | Process by which a phosphate is added to a molecule |
| Polar Bodies | Nonfunctional cell produced in oogenesis |
| Prophase | The first stage of mitosis |
| Prophase I | The first stage of the first meiotic division |
| Prophase II | In each of the two daughter cells produced in the first meiotic division, the nuclear membrane disappears, but no duplication of DNA occurs |
| Purines | A nitrogen base consisting of a fused double ring of nine atoms of carbon and nitrogen |
| Pyrimidines | A nitrogen base consisting of a single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen |
| Pyruvic Acid | The final product of glycolysis |
| Quinone | An electron carrier |
| Sarcomas | Tumors developing from connective tissue |
| Spermatogenesis | Production of sperm |
| Spindle fibers | Group of microtubules formed by the centrioles to guide the daughter chromatids to opposite poles |
| Succinic Acid | An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle |
| Synapsis | The lining up of homologous chromosomes in meiosis |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | Fatal genetically inherited disease of Eastern-European Jews |
| Telophase | Final stage of mitosis |
| Telophase I | Stage in meiosis in which the homologous chromosome pairs have separated with a member of each pair at opposite ends of the spindle |
| Telophase II | Stage in meiosis that produces four haploid daughter cells, each containing one-half of the genetic material of the original parent cell |
| Tetrad | The figure formed by the lining up of homologous chromosomes consisting of four chromatids in meiosis |
| Thymine | A pyrimidine nitrogen base |
| Tubulin | Protein fibers that make up the spindle during cell division |
| Tumor | Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell |
| Zygote/Fertilized Egg | Zygote; cell produced by the union of two gametes |
Created by:
Alanna Baldwin
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