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Test 4
Neuroscience
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensory receptors | Tiny structures all over the body that convert stimuli into action potentials or nerve impulses that are conveyed to the brain for interpretation |
| somatosensation | sensations experienced by the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons, bones, and joints. |
| tactile receptors | detect touch sensation and are widely distributed throughout the skin and subcutaneous tissues. They contain specialized nerve endings called sensory dendrites |
| What ion causes depolarization and action potentials in tactile sensory receptors? | Touch causes Na+ channels in the receptor to open, depolarizing the neuron and triggering an action potential to the brain. |
| Describe light touch and provide an example | A gentle contact on the skin surface. An example is a feather or cotton ball brushing against your skin. |
| Describe fine touch and provide an example | AKA discriminative touch, involves detailed information about an object’s shape, size, and texture, requiring high sensitivity and precision. An example is reading Braille with your fingertips. |
| Describe deep pressure and provide an example | An intense force applied to the skin and deeper tissues. An example is a firm handshake or pressure applied during a massage. |
| stereonosis | The ability to identify an object by touch. |
| function and location of Pacinian corpuscles | Function: detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration, the dorsal column tract responds to rapid pressure changes; Location: deeper layers of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue periosteum, ligaments, intramuscular connective tissue. |
| Provide the function and location of Meissner’s corpuscles | Function: detects fine or two-point discriminative touch. The dorsal column tract allows for specific, precise location of stimuli on the body surface; Location: superficial dermis, particularly in fingertips, palms, lips, and soles. |
| Provide the function and location of Merkel cells | Function: detects texture; Location: epidermis, especially in fingertips, lips, and external ganglia. |
| Provide the function and location of hair follicle receptors | Function: detect light touch via hair displacement; Location: at the base of the hair follicles in the dermis, in hair areas like arms, legs, and scalp. |
| Provide the function and location of Ruffini endings | Function: detect skin stretch and sustained pressure. The anterior spinothalamic tract aids in proprioception and grasping objects; Location: deeper dermis, joint capsules, and ligaments. Fingers and palms for grasping. |
| What do thermal receptors respond to? What type of nerve ending are they? What temperature range do they function? | Thermal receptors respond to changes in temp. They are free nerve endings. They are inactive at 50 degrees Celsius and above and below 5 degrees Celsius (41 degrees Fahrenheit) and below. |
| What do nociceptors receptors respond to? What type of nerve ending are they? | Nociceptors detect pain. They are free nerve endings. They respond to stimuli that can or could cause tissue damage. |
| Describe mechanical nociceptors | Mechanical nociceptors respond to cutting or pinching. They produce a feeling of sharp, intense pain. |
| Describe thermal hot nociceptors | Thermal hot nociceptors respond to extremely high temperatures (over 50 degrees Celsius). They create a feeling of burning. |
| Describe thermal cold nociceptors | Thermal cold nociceptors respond to temps below 5 degrees Celsius. They give a sensation of freezing pain. |
| Describe polymodal nociceptors | Polymodal pain receptors are activated by mechanical stimuli and inflammatory chemicals. They produce a sensation of aching pain. |
| What do itch receptors respond to? | They respond to specific chemicals such as histamine, producing the sensation of itch. |
| What is pain important? | Pain is necessary for survival because it motivates us to avoid harmful stimuli. |
| Describe the key components of acute pain | short-term, it arises suddenly in response to a specific injury or illness. Symptoms are sharp and intense, often accompanied by swelling or redness in the affected area. It serves as a protective mechanism. The pain usually diminishes as the body heals. |
| Describe the key components of chronic (long-term) pain | persistent, lasting beyond the expected healing period. Symptoms can range from dull to severe with fluctuations in intensity. It often has no protective function and can impair quality of life and daily functioning. |
| Differentiate nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Provide examples. | Nociceptive pain is caused by a long-lasting stimulus. Examples are cancer and arthritis. Neuropathic pain results from direct injury to peripheral nerve sensory fibers. Examples include shingles and diabetes. |
| Differentiate fast pain and slow pain | Fast pain has a rapid onset, is usually sharp and intense, and can be localized very accurately. Slow pain has a slower onset, is more prolonged and achy, and is less precisely localized. |
| What speed pain neurons have connections to the hypothalamus and cause an autonomic response to pain? | Slow pain neurons have many connections in the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
| Can pain perception be decreased by touch? | Pain perception can be decreased by some forms of touch if they inactivate neurotransmitters in the spinal cord that slow or stop the transmission of pain signals. |
| How can higher brain centers affect pain perception? | It depends on thoughts, emotions, and circumstances. The placebo effect shows that an expectation of pain relief does decrease pain perception. Anxiety and anger can cause pain perception to increase. |
| How does acetaminophen reduce pain? High doses can affect what organ? | Acetaminophen reduces prostaglandin production which decreases inflammation, fever, pain. High doses can cause liver damage. |
| How do NAIDs reduce pain? Side effects? | NSAIDs such as ibuprofen blocks COX enzyme, reducing prostaglandin production which decreases inflammation, fever, and pain. Side effects include upset stomach, ulcers, and kidney issues with long-term use. Aspirin can cause blood-thinning. |
| How do opioids reduce pain? Side effects? | Opioids reduce pain by binding to opioid receptors, reducing pain perception and producing a sense of well-being. There is a high risk of dependency, tolerance, and overdose; side effects include constipation, drowsiness, and nausea. |
| How do corticosteroids reduce pain? Side effects? | Corticosteroids suppress inflammation by inhibiting multiple inflammatory pathways. Side effects include weight gain, high blood sugar, and weakened immune function. |
| How do topical analgesics pain? Side effects? | Topical analgesics block nerve signals (lidocaine) or desensitize nerve receptors (capsaicin). |
| What is proprioception? Where are proprioceptors found? | Proprioception detects body position and movement. Proprioceptors are in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules. |
| Provide the location and function of muscle spindles. | Location: within the belly of skeletal muscles. Function: detect changes in muscle length, detect rate of stretch, and maintain muscle tone and posture. |
| Differentiate intrafusal and extrafusal fibers. | Intrafusal fibers are specialized muscle fibers. Extrafusal fibers are normal muscle cells. |
| Describe the central region and polar ends of a muscle spindle | The central region of the intrafusal fibers is non-contractile and contain afferent fibers that are highly sensitive to stretch. The polar ends are contractive and innervated by gamma motor neurons, which regulate the activity of intrafusal fibers. |
| What motor neurons innervate the contractile region of a muscle spindle? | Gamma motor neurons. |
| How does a stretched muscle affect the rate of action potentials produce in afferent fibers of the muscle spindle? | Stretched muscles activate the muscle spindle and increases the rate of action potentials. |
| What is the stretch reflex? How does it function? How is it protective? | a rapid, protective response that helps maintain muscle tone, posture, and balance. muscle spindles detect stretch, send signals to spinal cord, alpha motor neurons activate and muscle contracts. It protects muscles from excessive or sudden stretching. |
| Describe the location and structure of Golgi tendon organs. | specialized sensory receptors located at the junctions between muscle fibers and tendons. They regulate muscle force and tension by providing proprioceptive feedback to the CNS, which can make fine adjustments to enhance motor control and precision. |
| How is the Golgi tendon reflex protective? What does it cause? | When the GTO senses excessive tension, it sends signals to the spinal cord, which can initiate the Golgi tendon reflex. The reflex causes the muscle to relax in response to excessive stretch to prevent potential injury to muscles and tendons. |
| Type I joint kinesthetic receptors. | located in joint capsules, stimulated when joint capsules are stretched, they signal joint position |
| Type II joint kinesthetic receptors. | located in joint capsules, activated by stretching of the joint capsule, they respond to joint movement and velocity |
| What type of sensory receptors contains the fastest afferent fibers? | Type I |
| Type III joint kinesthetic receptors. | located inside ligaments, detect ligament stretch and tension, signal that stress is being placed on a joint |
| What type of sensory receptors contains the slowest afferent fibers? | Type IV |
| Type IV joint kinesthetic receptors. | located in nociceptors in joints, respond to stimuli that can damage joint tissues, active during inflammation from injury to disease (arthritis). |
| Explain the location and function of a first order neuron in the somatosensory pathway. | Located in the dorsal root ganglia, receive sensory info from receptors like touch, pressure, and pain. They synapse with 2nd order neurons. |
| Explain the location and function of a second order neuron in the somatosensory pathway. | Located within the spinal cord, receives signals from 1st order neurons and often decussate in the spinal cord. Axons ascend the spinal cord and synapse with 3rd order neurons in the thalamus. |
| What information does the anterior spinothalamic tract transmit? Contralateral or ipsilateral? | sensations of pressure, texture, light touch, and stretching of the skin. The sensation is perceived on the contralateral side. |
| What information does the lateral spinothalamic tract transmit? Contralateral or ipsilateral? | Conveys sensations of pain and temp. The signals travel through the spinal cord and brainstem to the primary somatosensory cortex on the contralateral side. |
| What information does the dorsal column tracts transmit? Contralateral or ipsilateral? | Dorsal column tracts carry sensations of two-point discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception. Sensory info is transmitted to the primary somatosensory cortex on the contralateral side of the body. |
| What information does the spinocerebellar tract transmit? Contralateral or ipsilateral? | It transmits info about unconscious proprioception. This includes info about muscle length and tension from muscle spindles and GTOs. Most neurons terminate in the ipsilateral cerebellum. A small number of neurons end in the contralateral cerebellum. |
| Indicate what body region is innervated by the 4 spinocerebellar tracts. | The anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts innervate the lower extremities. The cuneocerebellar innervates the upper extremities, and the rostrospinocerebellar tract innervates the upper extremities and neck. |
| Describe stimulus modality | Stimulus modality is determined by the type of receptor that is activated. |
| Describe stimulus location. | Based on the location of the receptor and by the density of receptors in a particular part of the body; the closer together the receptors are, the more precisely the stimulus location is determined. |
| Describe stimulus intensity. | Determined by the sensitivity of each receptor and by the frequency of action potentials generated. The stronger the stimulus, the more frequent the nerve impulses. |
| Describe receptor adaptation. Why is it important? | Receptors decrease their response to a constant or unchanging stimulus over time. This allows the nervous system to filter out irrelevant or non-threatening stimuli and to remain sensitive to new or changing signals. |
| What is the somatosensory homunculus and where is it found? | The visual rep of how the brain’s somatosensory cortex is organized to process sensory info from different parts of the body. It's mapped on the postcentral gyrus of the brain’s parietal lobe, specifically in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). |
| Differentiate the primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association areas. | The primary somatosensory cortex is where information is sent. The somatosensation association cortex interprets the meaning of sensations, stereognosis, and a king of “touch” memory. |
| What is phantom limb sensation? | Phantom limb sensation is the perception of feelings such as temp, touch, or even pain- in a limb that has been amputated or is no longer physically present. |
| What happens in the cortex following the loss of a limb? | the brain changes its neural circuitry, and the area in the brain’s somatosensory cortex that previously received signals from the missing limb may be taken over by neighboring regions, which can trigger sensation in the “phantom” limb. |
| Why do sensations persist after losing a limb? | Memory pathways from the limb may persist, sensory nerves at the amp site may cont to send signals, even though there’s no limb to generate new sensations. Nerves may still be active and can send signals the brain interprets from the missing limb. |
| Provide some examples of nonpainful and painful sensations that can occur in a phantom limb. | Nonpainful sensations: tingling, warmth, or the feeling that the limb is still attached or in a particular position. Painful sensations: Phantom limb pain may be sharp, throbbing, or burning. |
| Describe mirror therapy for PLP. | A mirror creates a visual illusion of the missing limb. By reflecting the intact limb, the brain is tricked into believing its moving or stretching the phantom limb, which can reduce pain and discomfort. |
| Describe other PT therapy methods for relieving PLP. | Medications, Desensitization techniques, Graded Motor Imagery (GMI), mittor therapy, TENS |
Created by:
S_Harding
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