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Intro: Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the basis of ethical principles for which the federal regulations of protection of human subjects is based? | Belmont Report |
| What does the Belmont Report include? | respect for the people, beneficence, and justice |
| This is defined as feeling the sorrow/suffering of others with the urge to give aid or support | compassion |
| This is defined as the ability to understand and share the feelings of another | empathy |
| This is defined as feeling pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune | sympathy |
| Explain what a fiduciary relationship is. | This is a trusting relationship between the patient and the provider. A good foundation has been established, and the patient trusts the provider to make decisions for them because they know the provider has their best interest in mind. |
| Explain what an authoritative relationship is. | The doctor has the authority to make medical recommendations, but the patient has the authority to reject or approve the decisions. |
| This is the state of being properly or well qualified | competence |
| Beneficence vs Non-maleficence | Beneficence is doing what is best for the patient while honoring autonomy, and non-maleficence is doing no harm. |
| Are we allowed to leave voicemails on a patient's phone regarding appointments, statements, dr notes, etc.? | Yes, only if the patient has said this would be allowed and it is in their chart. |
| ASRT Code of Ethics** | |
| Who owns the medical records? | The facility, but the patient is allowed to have access to them at any moment they request to. |
| This is defined as a mere failure to exercise reasonable care. | Negligence |
| This is defined as a conscious and voluntary disregard of the need to use reasonable care, which is likely to cause foreseeable grave injury or harm to persons, property, or both. | Gross negligence |
| This states that when an accident occurs, the fault and/or negligence of each party involved is based upon their respective contributions to the accident | Comparative negligence |
| Give 2 examples of comparative negligence. | Misdiagnosis- due to facility having inaccurate medical hx Medication reaction- due to patient not disclosing all meds |
| This is defined as falling short of the standard of reasonable medical care. | Common negligence in clinical practice |
| Give 4 examples of common negligence in a clinical practice. | medication errors, diagnosis errors, surgical errors, childbirth injuries |
| What are the 4 elements of negligence in healthcare? | Duty of care, Breach, Causation, Damages |
| This is the act of identifying a disease based on signs and symptoms. | diagnosis |
| This is the prediction of the probable course and/or outcome of a disease | prognosis |
| What are comprehensive cancer centers? | type of center that provides a cancer patient with a wide variety of cancer related services |
| For a patient to be put on hospice, what 2 things must happen? | must be categorized as "terminal" and dr. and family must agree that any further tx is considered palliative |
| This is the study of the cause of a disease | etiology |
| This is the study of the groups affected by a disease | epidemiology |
| What does TD 5/5 stand for? | it is the tolerance dose for 5% chance of symptoms within 5 years and differs depending on the anatomical site |
| This is radiation treatment given with the intent of getting rid of the disease completely. | curative |
| This is radiation given to ease symptoms the patient is experiencing. | palliative |
| This is radiation given to a site that has a high risk of developing mets from a primary. | prophylactic |
| What skin care instructions do we normally give patients? | bathe with a mild soap, avoid exposing the area to to sunlight, avoid scratching and scrubbing the area, and to use the cream the dr prescribes |
| What is Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top? | Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love & Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization |
| What are the 3 elements of informed consent? | the patient must be of legal age and mentally competent, patient must be given enough information to make an informed decision, and consent must be given voluntarily |
| PPE Procedure for Donning and Doffing | Donning: wash hands, don lab coat or disposable gown, put on respirator or mask, don eye/face protection, put on gloves Doffing: remove gloves and wash hands, remove eye/face protection, remove lab coat/disposable gown, remove respirator/mask, wash hands |
| What are the 3 types of consent? | written, oral, or implied |
| Contouring techniques | |
| Devices used for an ENT exam. | |
| Devices used for a pelvic exam. | |
| What 4 "degrees" are used to classify tumors? | well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, undifferentiated (anaplastic) |
| Well-differentiated tumor | cells closely resemble the cells or origin |
| Moderately differentiated tumor | cells slightly resemble the cells or origin |
| Poorly differentiated tumor | tumor cells have changed so that they can't determine their origin |
| Undifferentiated (anaplastic) tumor | cells are bizarre looking.. they have changed so much that it is impossible to determine the origin |
| Characteristics of a well-differentiated tumor. | highly specialized cells, slow growth rate, low mitotic rate, radioresistant, some are easy to cure |
| Characteristics of a undifferentiated tumor. | unspecialized cells, fast growth rate, high mitotic rate, radioresistant, hard to cute (often metastasize quickly) |
| What is a normal O2 saturation? | between 95%-100% |
| What is a normal respiration for adults? | 16-20 breaths/min |
| What is a normal blood pressure? | 110-140/60-90 |
| What is a normal temperature reading? | 98.6 degrees F or 37 degrees C; rectal is 1 degree higher and axillary is 1 degree lower |
| What is a normal pulse? | 70-80 bpm |
| What is a power of attorney? | written authorization that allows someone else to represent or act on your behalf in private affairs, business, or legal matters |
| Criminal Law | deals with crime and punishment |
| Tort Law | personal injury law |
| This law deals with the rights of private citizens. | Civil law |
| This law refers to the rights carved out in the federal and state constitutions | Constitutional Law |
| This law is made by the executive branch of government to carry out the aims of statute law | Administrative Law |
| This law is decisions based on customs and habits of the area within a particular county | Common Law |
| Roles of a radiation therapist | |
| Simulation techniques: measurements taken during conventional simulation | |
| Regular isolation | protects you from the patient |
| Reverse isolation | protects the patient from you |
| What are the 5 stages of grief? | denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance |
| This is defined as a specific form of professional liability insurance. It is for physicians and other medical professionals to cover any medical misconduct that causes injury or harm to the patient. | malpractice |
| Res ipse loquitor | The thing speaks for itself |
| This shifts legal responsibility onto an individual for the actions of another. | vicarious liability |
| Contributory negligence by the patient | omission by the patient to what is reasonable |
| Survival rate is based off of what? | the number of people surviving a given disease |
| How many years must a person be disease free before they are considered a survivor? | 5 years |
| Assault vs. Battery | Assault is the threat of an action and battery is actually performing the action. |
| What 3 ways can cancer spread naturally? | locally, through the blood, or through the lymphatic system |
| What way can cancer spread unnaturally? | seeding |
| Why is it important to collect and study cancer statistics? | It is important in the prevention of cancer occurring and to increase awareness among a certain group of people that could be at a higher risk of certain cancers. |
| Cancer statistics are __________________ because subgroups within a given population are at different levels of risk. | stratified |
| Cancer statistics are based on what 3 things? | sex, age, and race |
| __________ typically spread through the blood. | Sarcomas |
| _____________ typically spread through the lymphatic system. | carcinomas |
| What do non-specific lab tests reveal? **To review each on it is Unit 5 pages 12-13** | an abnormality that indicates an illness but not a specific illness |
| What are tumor markers? | substances produced in large amounts by malignant cells, and sometimes in small amounts by a normal cell |
| Are tumor markers used to diagnose? | No, but they may indicate a possible cancer or recurrent cancer |
| Alpha-feto protein (AFP) tumor marker is used for... | liver, ovarian, and testicular |
| Human Chorionic Ganodaotropin (HCG) tumor marker is used for... | testicular, germ cell tumors |
| CA 125 and CA 72-4 tumor marker is used for... | ovarian |
| Bladder Tumor Antigen (BTA) tumor marker is used for... | bladder |
| CA 15-3 and CA 27.29 tumor marker is used for... | breast |
| Serum HER-2/neu tumor marker is used for... | breast |
| CA 19-9 tumor marker is used for... | pancreas |
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) tumor marker is used for... | colorectal |
| Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) tumor marker is used for... | prostate |
| This chemotherapy drug can cause nerve toxicity (numbing, tingling, hearing loss) | cisplatin |
| Most common chemo drug for GI cancers | 5-FU |
| This chemo drug has a limited lifetime dose due to lung scarring and decreased breathing function. | Bleomycin |
| This chemo drug can cause liver enzyme abnormalities and jaundice | Methotrexate |
| This chemo drug has a limited lifetime dose due to cardiac toxicity | doxorubicin |
| This chemo drug has the ability to pass through the BBB and can cause liver toxicity and lung toxicity | lomustine |
| This chemotherapy drug can cause loss of nerve function (foot droop and partial paralysis) | vincristine |
| Which chemo drug is often referred to as the "red devil" because of its red color and terrible side effects? | Doxorubicin |
| Which hormone agent is often prescribed for brain met patients to help with swelling and side effects, but can also have several side effects as well? | adrenocorticosteroids |
| Which hormone agent is often used for breast patients but can cause menopausal symptoms? | tamoxifen |
| Which is the oldest chemotherapy drug category? | alkylating agents |
| What is an example of an antimetabolite? | fluorouracil |
| Which category of chemo drugs can pass through the BBB? | nitrosureas |
| Bleomycin and Doxorubicin are examples of what chemo drug category? | antitumor antibiotics |
| What common chemo combo is used for lymphomas? | CHOP |
| What was the standard chemo combo for Hodgkin's patients? | MOPP |
| What has MOPP been replaced with? | ABVD |
| Fine needle aspiration results in a _________________ diagnosis because it retrieves a cellular fluid sample. | cytological |
| Core needle biopsy results in a _______________ diagnosis because it retrieves a tissue sample. | histological |
| Incisional biopsy results in a _________________ diagnosis by removing a portion of the tumor. | histological |
| Excisional biopsy results in a _____________ diagnosis by removing the entire tumor. | definitive |
| How does the TNM staging system work? | T refers to the size and extent of the main tumor; N refers to the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer; M refers to whether there are any mets. |
| What does TX, NX, or MX stand for? | that the tumor, lymph node, or mets cannot be measured/unknown |
| What does Tis stand for? | tumor in situ |
| What are some emergency radiation therapy scenarios that could occur? | SVC or cord compressions causing pain/paralysis |
| How are tumors graded? | Based on how normal or abnormal cancer cells look under a microscope. The more normal the cells look, the less aggressive the cancer and the more slowly it grows and spreads. |
| TD 5/5 kidney | 2300 |
| TD 5/5 bladder | 6500 |
| TD 5/5 femoral heads | 5200 |
| TD 5/5 TMJ | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 skin | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 Brain | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 brain stem | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 optic nerve | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 chiasm | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 spinal cord | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 cauda equina | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 brachial plexus | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 eye lens | 1000 |
| TD 5/5 retina | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 parotid | 3200 |
| TD 5/5 Larynx | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 Lung | 1750 |
| TD 5/5 Heart | 4000 |
| TD 5/5 esophagus | 5500 |
| TD 5/5 stomach | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 small intestine | 4000 |
| TD 5/5 colon | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 rectum | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 liver | 3000 |
| This surgery is done to remove a portion of the tumor before radiation or chemo to facilitate the administration of the prescribed treatment. | de-bulking surgery |
| This is done by re-opening the patient to evaluate the success of the treatment and search for recurrent disease, but this is not widely used anymore due to advancements of imaging. | second look surgery |
| This surgery uses sub-freezing temperature to kill tissue and the agent used is often liquid nitrogen. | cryosurgery |
| This surgery is often used for laryngeal tumors, cervical dysplasia, and eyes with the use of intense radiation from the visible portions of the spectrum to destroy tissue. | laser surgery |
| What is the #1 leading cause of death globally and in the US? | heart disease |
| What is the normal and critical value of a leukocyte (WBC)? | normal: 5,000-10,000/mm^3 critical: 2,000/mm^3 |
| What is the normal value of erythrocytes (RBC)? | men: 4.5-5.5 million/mm^3 women: 4.2-4.8 million/mm^3 |
| What is the normal and critical value of hemoglobin? | men: 13.5-18 g/dl women: 12-16 g/dl critical: 10 g/dl |
| What is the normal value of a hematocrit? | men: 43-49% women: 37-43% |
| What is the normal and critical value of thrombocytes (platelets)? | normal: 200,000-300,000/mm^3 critical: 50,000-75,000/mm^3 |
| This is a condition where respirations are irregular breathing patterns characterized by cycles of slow breathing, rapid breathing, and no breathing. | Cheyne-Stokes |
| Purpose of diagnostic radiography with imaging cancer. | tumors can be seen if they involve bone, are calcified, or if they displace normal structures |
| Purpose of contrast studies (UGI, BE, SBFT, IVP) with imaging cancer. | contrast allows visualization of tumors that cause filling defects, changes in normal anatomy, displacement of normal structures |
| Purpose of mammography with imaging cancer. | #1 modality for breast cancer |
| Purpose of nuclear medicine with imaging cancer. | used primarily for metastatic workup |
| Purpose of PET scan with imaging cancer. | aids in cancer workup, evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, and revealing mets |
| Purpose of ultrasound with imaging cancer. | utilized to differentiate between cystic or solid masses |
| Purpose of CT scan with imaging cancer. | used to evaluate the extent of the tumor and find mets; also used in radiation therapy tx planning |
| Purpose of MRI with imaging cancer. | provides excellent soft tissue visualization |
| Purpose of Angiography with imaging cancer. | helpful in locating tumors of the brain, pancreas and liver; used to evaluate the tumor's blood supply |
| What are some examples of cancer risk factors? | pesticides, processed foods, smoking, alcohol, environmental exposures |
| What is immunotherapy? | is treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. |
| Describe carcinogenesis. | the formation of cancer |
| This age group are wonderful patients after they become comfortable with the therapist, are very forgiving and trusting. | children |
| This age group can sometimes be bitter because they have lived long enough to know what they may miss. | teens-40s |
| This age group is often very accepting and feel they have lived a full life which makes them more understanding and grateful. | elderly |
| This type of radiation treatment uses standard machines – photon/electrons, various energies, Linear Accelerator | external beam |
| This type of radiation is delivered while a patient is in surgery, a single high dose | intra-operative (IORT) |
| This type of radiation uses various high dose machines that use a pinpoint beam, single/few treatments needed | stereotactic (SBRT or SRS) |
| This type of radiation treatment uses radioactive isotopes ingested to treat various cancers that will “absorb” the radioactive material | internal (ingested) |
| This type of radiation treatment uses radioactive pellets surgically inserted into a tumor | brachytherapy (interstitial permanent) |
| This type of radiation treatment uses temporary wires placed inside a tissue/cavity, radioactive seeds travel through the wires and then are removed after treatment | brachytherapy (interstitial-temporary) |
| This type of radiation treatment uses a radioactive source in a hollow organ such as the esophagus with a wires/ribbons | brachytherapy (intraluminal) |
| At what age should women begin getting mammograms done annually? | 45 |
| At what age should people at an average risk of getting colon cancer start testing for colon cancer? | 45 |
| At what age should men start being tested for prostate cancer? | 50 |
| People ages ____ to ____ should get yearly lung cancer screening with a low-dose CT (LDCT) scan if they smoke or used to smoke, and if they have at least a 20 pack-year history of smoking. | 50 to 80 |
| Radiation and diet restrictions** | |
| Treatment planning contours/volumes | |
| Direct effect vs. Indirect effect radiation damage | Direct effect is where the radiation directly interacts with the DNA of the cell; Indirect causes radiolysis of water |
| Transferring techniques |
Created by:
lheard
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