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Biology B Unit 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gender | Is determined at the moment of fertilization by one pair of sex chromosomes that determine gender |
| 2X Chromosomes (XX) | When egg cells are produced they will always give an X to the offspring |
| X and a Y Chromosome (XY) | When sperm cells are produced there is an equal number of X and Y chromosomes |
| Karyotype | Picture of a person's chromosomes |
| Heredity | Passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Trait | A specific characteristic of an organism that is carried over from a parent's chromosomes |
| Gene | A section of a chromosome with enough DNA to make on protein that codes for a certain trait |
| Gregor Mendel | Famous for his work with garden peas and discovering that traits inherited follow predictable rules of change |
| Allele | An alternate form of a gene with slightly different DNA code |
| Dominant Allele | The trait that is seen when present and is symbolized with a capital letter |
| Recessive Allele | The version of the trait that is not expressed when both alleles are present. Symbolized with a lowercase letter |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an individual that is the combination of 2 alleles recieved for a certain trait, One Allele is recieved from each parent |
| Homozygous Dominant | Both dominant alleles are present and will express the dominant trait |
| Homozygous Recessive | Both recessive alleles are present and will express the recessive trait |
| Heterozygous | One dominant and recesive allele is present and the dominant trait will be expressed |
| Phenotype | Phsyical characterisitcs and the way a genotype is expressed |
| The Environment | May also impact the expression of genes |
| DNA | A nucleic acid that is double stranded and also an organic compound that contains Thymine in it's nitrogenous base |
| DNA Nucleotides | The building blocks of DNA that are made up of the sugar deoxyribose, the phosphate group, and the nitrogenous base |
| DNA Structure | Double Helix that looks like a twisted ladder because of nucleotides |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Bonds that hold base pairs together |
| RNA | An organic compound that is single stranded that contains Uracil in it's nitrogenous base |
| RNA Nucleotides | The building blocks of RNA that are made up of the sugar ribose, the Phosphate Group, and the Nitrogenous base |
| DNA Replication | DNA can be replicated to prepare for cell division |
| Protein Synthesis | It's code can be read to make proteins |
| DNA Replication Step 1 | The DNA molecule untwists and unzips into 2 sides breaking hydrogen bonds. Each side serves as a template to produce new strands |
| DNA Replication Step 2 | The free nucleotides pair up complementary creating 2 strands |
| DNA Replication Step 3 | Each new DNA molecule than rezips making hydrogen bonds and retwists |
| DNA Replication Step 4 | 2 Identical DNA molecules that each contain 1 original and 1 new strand |
| Transcription | Makes an RNA copy of the DNA message and occurs in the nucleus of a cell ending with mRNA |
| Transcription Step 1 | DNA acts as a template for mRNA |
| Transcription Step 2 | The DNA untwists and unzips breaking hydrogen bonds |
| Transcription Step 3 | RNA Nucleotides pair up complementary to one side of the unzipped DNA molecule |
| Transcription Step 4 | The newly built mRNA moves away from the DNA out of the nucleus and into a ribosome |
| Transcription Step 5 | The DNA unzips and retwists to be used again |
| Translation | Uses mRNA instructions to build a protein from amino acids |
| Translation Step 1 | The mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| Translation Step 2 | mRNA is ready by a ribosome in 3 base segments called a codon |
| Translation Step 3 | Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules in the cytoplasm pick up and transfer amino acids |
| Translation Step 4 | A tRNA matches up with a codon on mRNA and the tRNA drops off its amino acid |
| Translation Step 5 | A bond is formed between amino acis |
| Translation Step 6 | Eventually a stop codon is reached and the final protein is made |
| Mutations | Any changes that occur to the DNA of an organism |
| Chromosomal Mutation | Changes to the number of chromosomes that is caused by improper separation of chromosomes during Meiosis |
| Gene Mutations | Changes the order of nucleotides in the DNA and may not change the amino acid that codes for a certain protein |
| Substitution | A single nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide |
| Deletion | A single nucleotides is removed from the DNA sequence |
| Insertion | A single nucleotide is added to the DNA sequence |
| Mutagen | Substances that cause mutations such as chemicals and UV radiation |
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