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A&P S1 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of Anatomy? | study of the physical structures of the human body |
| What is the definition of physiology? | study of the functions of the human body |
| What are the 10 characteristics of living organisms? | 1. movement 2. responsiveness 3. growth 4. reproduction 5. respiration 6. digestion 7. absorption 8. circulation 9. assimilation 10. excretion |
| What are the 10 levels of organization? (in order) | 1. subatomic particles 2. atom 3. molecule 4. macromolecule 5. organelle 6. cell 7. tissue 8. organ 9. organ system 10. organism |
| What are the 5 environmental factors the human body needs? | 1. water 2. food 3. oxygen 4. heat 5. pressure |
| Give an example of positive feedback. | end goal = labor |
| Give an example of negative feedback. | set point = temperature |
| What are the major body cavities and what organs do they contain? | Cranial- brain Vertebral- spinal cord thoracic- lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, & thymus gland abdominal- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, majority of small/large intestine |
| What are the 4 types of organic molecules and what is each used for in the human body? | carbs- energy source protein- move stuff across cell membrane & movement fats/lipids- store energy & padding nucleic acids- stores cellular information in code |
| How do enzymes work and why are they important? | speed up chemical reactions |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? | saturated fats: straight & sold at room temperature unsaturated fats: crooked & liquid at room temperature |
| Mitosis | - 4 stages - diploid cells - occurs in body cells, except gametes - 2 daughter cells - same as parents |
| Meiosis | - 8 stages - haploid cells - occurs in testes and ovaries - 4 daughter cells - half of parents |
| What does selectively permeable mean? | controls what goes in and out of cell |
| Why is the cell membrane referred to as a fluid mosaic? | parts are constantly moving like a fluid and it is made of several different components, like a mosaic |
| What is the difference between active and passive transport, and why? | Passive transport- does not require energy; goes with the concentration gradient active transport- requires energy to move particles across the membrane; goes against the concentration gradient |
| What particles are involved in direct diffusion? | small, non-polar, & uncharged particles |
| What type of particles need proteins to move across the membrane? | large, polar, & charged particles |
| What is a concentration gradient? | when there is a difference in concentration from inside the cell to the outside |
| Why does the cell membrane have pumps? | maintain concentration gradient |
| What are the 2 types of bulk transport and where are the particles moving? | endocytosis- into the cell exocytosis- out of the cell |
| Describe the 5 functions of skin. | Protection: chemical, physical, biological Excretion: sweating Temperature regulation: sweating, vasoconstriction, validations Cutaneous sensation: sensing things with our skin Vitamin D synthesis: allows for absorption of calcium |
| EPIDERMIS: what part of the body have a 5th layer and what is it called? | palms of hands and the soles of feet; stratum luceidum |
| EPIDERMIS: which layers are alive and which are dead? Why do they die? | the top are dead and the bottom are alive; they get further away from nutrients |
| EPIDERMIS: Where are melanocytes and what do they do? | they are in the stratum basale layer & produce skin pigment (melanin) |
| DERMIS: What are the 5 accessory organs of the dermis? | hair, nails, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous glands, sweat gland |
| DERMIS: What is hair and what does it do? | hair insulates the body, increases sensitivity, blocks dirt from the eyes and nose, & keeps sweat on us |
| DERMIS: What is an arrector pili muscle and what does it do? | made for exciting hair which happens in extreme times or during extreme emotion |
| DERMIS: What do subcutaneous glands produce and what does this substance do? | they produce oil or sebum that helps skin and hair to be water proof & prevents bacterial growth |
| What are the 3 types of burns? | first-degree burn, second-degree, and third-degree |
| First-degree burn: What layers are damaged and what are the symptoms? | damages the epidermis; red & dry skin |
| Second-degree burn: What layers are damaged and what are the symptoms? | epidermis & dermis; pain, swelling, red, and blistered |
| Third-degree burn: What layers are damaged and what are the symptoms? | epidermis, dermis, & subcutaneous layer; loss of skin & blackened skin |
| What are the 3 main types of cancer? | basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma |
| Which cancer is most dangerous and why? | melanoma- it is so close to blood supply that it could travel into the blood supply if it breaks off |
| What are the main 4 functions of bones? | 1. support & protection 2. lever actions 3. blood cell formation 4. storage of minerals & fats |
| List three organs the skeletal system protects: | cranium - brain vertebral column - spinal cord thoracic cage - lungs & liver |
| What other organ system works with bones to help humans move? | muscular system |
| What are the 3 products of hematopoiesis? | red blood cells white blood cells platelets |
| Why do we say that bones are used for mineral storage? Are the minerals not always there? | bone tissue releases the minerals as needed into the bloodstream to be used all over the body, not always there |
| Where does a bone store fat? | yellow bone marrow |
| What are the 5 classes of bones? | long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
| What are the main 6 functions of the muscular system? | 1. locomotion 2. vasoconstriction/vasodialation 3. peristalsis 4. cardiac muscle 5. posture maintenance 6. heat generation |
| Describe skeletal muscle: Striations? uni nucleated or multi-nucleated? t-tubules? voluntary or involuntary? | has striations, has t-tubules, many nuclei, voluntary movement |
| Describe cardiac muscle: Striations? uni nucleated or multi-nucleated? t-tubules? voluntary or involuntary? | has striations, has t-tubules, uni nucleated, involuntary movements |
| Describe smooth muscle: Striations? uni nucleated or multi-nucleated? t-tubules? voluntary or involuntary? | no striations, no t-tubule, uni nucleated, involuntary movement |
| What is the difference between an isotonic contraction and an isometric contraction? | Isotonic- moves (Ex. push up, sit-up) Isometric- doesn't move (Ex. plank, wall sit) |
| What are the structural differences between slow twitch muscle fibers and fast twitch muscle fibers? | slow twitch- many mitochondria, large amounts of myoglobin, & thin filaments fast twitch- few mitochondria, low amounts of myoglobin, & thick filaments |
| Endurance training modifies slow twitch muscles. What changes occur to slow twitch muscle fibers during endurance training? | increase the number of mitochondria & myoglobin & blood vessels |
| Resistance training modifies fast twitch muscles. What changes occur to fast twitch muscle fibers during resistance training? | increases the number of actin and myosin in a muscle, making muscles larger; also increases the strength of tendons |
| What is the difference between a small motor unit and a large motor unit? What advantage does this give us when it comes to using our muscles? | small motor unit - signal small amounts of muscle fibers large motor unit - signals large amounts of muscle muscle fibers advantage - same muscles diff. weights |
| What are the 3 types of performance enhancing substances discussed in class and describe them? | anabolic steroids- increase testosterone erythropoietin- increase in the amount of red blood cells human growth hormone- faster recovery |
| What are the 3 functions of the nervous system? | monitors, interprets, and responds |
| What are the structures in the CNS? | brain and spinal cord |
| What are the structures in the PNS? | motor nerves, sensory nerves, & sensory receptors |
| What is the function of the CNS? | Interpret incoming sensory information & dictate a response |
| What are the 2 divisions of the PNS? | sensory division and motor division |
| What are the 4 main stimuli that our 5 senses detect? | chemical, light, pressure, & temperature |
| What are the only 2 structures that respond to motor neurons? | muscles and glands |
| How does the neuron reset itself? | sodium and potassium pumps are used |
| How does an impulse in one neuron get started in the next neuron? | an impulse triggers the releases neurotransmitters |
| What is sensory adaptation? | stops responding to a continuous stimuli |
| Why is a reflex faster than a normal stimulus/response mechanism? | less interneurons |
| Which is faster, a monosynaptic or a polysynaptic reflex? | monosynaptic; it's the simplest type of reflex and only has one synapse it goes through |
| What is the common name for a learned reflex? | muscle memory (conditioned reflex) |
| What is myelination and how does it benefit neurons? | it is insulation and it helps the impulses travel faster |
| What is the function of astrocytes? | pass needed materials between the neurons & blood vessels |
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