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NURS 319 Exam 1
Chapter 1&2 - Cellular Regeneration/Functions Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cellular Edema | Cellular swelling |
| Hypoxia | Lack of oxygen in the body |
| Etiology | The original cause of cellular alteration or disease |
| Homeostasis | When the body is resting at a state of equilibrium |
| Allostasis | The body's way of adapting to acute stress to maintain homeostasis |
| Allostatic Load | "wear and tear" on the body after experiencing chronic stress |
| Allostatic Overload | Prolonged allostatic load that exceeds an individual's capacity and becomes dysregulated |
| Cellular adaptation | Protective mechanism that prevents cellular/tissue harm due to stressors |
| Pathognomic changes | Unique histological findings that point to a distinct disease process (ex: crater in the stomach = ulcer) |
| Histology | The microscopic study of tissues and cells for diagnostic purposes |
| Biopsy | The extraction of cell samples from an organ or mass of tissue for histological examination |
| Differentiation | The maturation of a cell from a simple form to a more specialized type of cell (ex: zygote ---> embryo) |
| Atrophy | The shrinkage of a cell due to a decrease in work demands |
| Hypertrophy | The enlargement of cells due to overuse |
| Physiologic vs pathologic | Physiologic: a normal or healthy body process Pathologic: a diseased or abnormal process |
| Angiogenesis | The creation of new blood vessels |
| Hyperplasia | an increase in the # of cells in an organ or tissue |
| Metaplasia | when one cell type is replaced by another (reversable change) |
| Dysplasia | Deranged cell growth of a specific tissue resulting in various sizes and organization of cells |
| Anaplasia | The progression of abnormal cells, eventually leading to loss of differentiation |
| Neoplasia | Disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth that is considered cancerous |
| Endothelium | the continuous layer of cells that line the blood vessels |
| VEGF (what do these acronyms stand for?) | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor |
| Endothelin | A peptide that constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure |
| Atherosclerosis | A build up of plaque that causes blockages in arteries |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood sugar |
| Free radicals | a highly reactive molecule with unpaired electrons that can easily bond to cells and create oxidative stress and potential DNA damage |
| Hyperlipidemia | High lipids/cholesterol in the blood |
| Atherogenesis | The creation of plaque |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Necrosis | cell death due to injury that is irreversible |
| Infarction | Death of tissue resulting from prolonged ischemia |
| Ischemia | Lack of oxygenated blood to tissues |
| Gangrene | Prolonged ischemia, infarction and necrosis that becomes infected with Clostridium perfringens |
| Wet gangrene | bacteria invades tissue and swells, oozes, and has a foul odor |
| Dry gangrene | Lack of blood supply leading to tissue death (turns black) |
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