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Rad Pro Ch.8&9

Cervical, Thoracic, Lambar, and Coccyx

Question	Answer
Kyphosis	Exaggerated thoracic curvature "hunchback"; increased convexity.
Lordosis	Exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback"; increased concavity.
C3-C6	Are typical cervical vertebrae.
AP & PA Obliques	-70° oblique, CR perpendicular to T7, All 12 thoracic vertebrae demonstrated, and Zygapophyseal joint open
LATERAL THORACIC SPINE	-CR perpendicular to T7. -Orthostatic (breathing) technique recommended. -Range of T1-L1 included.
AP THORACIC SPINE	-CR to T7: 3-4 inch (8-10 cm) below jugular notch. -Range of C7-L1 included.
AP AXIAL VERTEBRAL ARCH (PILLARS) PROJECTION	-Hyperextend neck. -CR 20°-30° caudal angle. -CR to lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5). -Mandible above C3.
AP "WAGGING JAW" PROJECTION (OTTONELLO METHOD)	-Mandible moves during exposure. -CR perpendicular to C4 level. -C1-C7 vertebrae demonstrated. -Adequate blurring of mandible.
ALTERNATE PROJECTIONS FOR DENS PA JUDD METHOD	-CR level of mastoid processes. -CR parallel to MML. -Dens within foramen magnum.
ALTERNATE PROJECTIONS FOR DENS AP FUCHS METHOD	-CR to inferior mandible. -CR parallel to MML.
Hyperflexion	Spinous processes well separated.
Hyperextension	Spinous processes in close proximity.
CERVICOTHORACIC LATERAL (SWIMMER'S)	-True lateral position. -Separate shoulders. -CR to T1, 1 inch (2.5 cm) above jugular notch. -C5-T3 clearly demonstrated. -Humeral heads separate.
LATERAL POSITION (TRAUMA)	No head or neck manipulation.
LATERAL C-SPINE	-C1-C7/T1 demonstrated. -Rami of mandible not superimposed over C1 C2.
POSTERIOR OBLIQUE	CR 15° cephalad
ANTERIOR OBLIQUE	CR 15° caudad.
LATERAL POSITION (NONTRAUMA)	-Relax and drop shoulders. -CR to C4.
PA 45° OBLIQUE	-CR 15° to caudad to C4. -C2-C7 intervertebral foramina open and clearly seen. -Cervical pedicles well demonstrated. -Base of skull not superimposed over C1.
AP AXIAL	-CR 15°-20° cephalad. -CR to lower thyroid cartilage (C-4). -C3 to T2 region demonstrated. -Intervertebral disk spaces open. -Base of skull and mandible superimpose C1-C2.
AP OPEN MOUTH	-Upper incisors and base of skull superimposed. -CR through center of mouth. -Atlas, axis, and dens seen in entirety. -C1-C2 atlantoaxial joint space open. -Upper incisors superimposing base of skull.
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?	5
Which lumbar is most inferior and the largest?	L5
Spinous Process (L-Spine)	Is bulky and blunt.
Invertebral foramina (L-Spine)	Are spaces or openings between pedicles when two vertebrae are stacked on each other.
Superior vertebral notch	A half-moon shaped area located on the upper surface of each pedicle.
Inferior vertebral notch	A half-moon shaped area located on the lower surface of each pedicle.
Superior Articular Processes	Processes that project upward.
Inferior Articular Processes	Processes that project downward.
Another term for the zygapophyseal joint	Facet.
Is the only articulating surface	Facet.
Zygapophyseal joints form an angle open from ___________ to the midsagital plane.	30°-50°
Laminae (Lumbar)	Form a bridge between the transverse processes, lateral masses and spinous process.
Pars Interaticularis	portion of each lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes. (demonstrated on the oblique lumbar)
How many sets of pelvic sacral foramina are there?	4
The _____________ is inferior to the lumbar vertebrae?	Sacrum.
Alae	Or wings of the sacrum are large masses of bone lateral to the 1st sacral segment.
The bodies of the original ____ segments fuse into a single bone in the adult.	5
Superior articular processes	Of the sacrum form zygapophyseal joints with the inferior articular processes of the L5.
Sacral horns	Are small tubercles that represent the inferior articular processes projecting inferiorly from each side of the 5th sacral segment.
The sacrum articulates with the slum of the pelvis at the ___________________ to form the sacroiliac joint.	Articular surface.
Sacral canal	Is a continuation of the vertebral canal and contains certain sacral nerves.
Median Sacral Crest	Is formed by fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.
The anterior ridge of the body on the first sacral segment helps form the ___________ of the sacrum; best demonstrated from a lateral prospective.	Promontory.
Coccyx	Most distal portion of the vertebral column.
Transverse processes	The most superior segment is the largest and broadest of the 4 sections and even has 2 lateral projections that are small.
Apex	Distal pointed tip of the coccyx.
Base	Broader superior portion of the coccyx.
The ear of the dog is one?	1 superior articular process.
The eye of the dog is formed by one?	Pedicle.
The neck of the dog is one?	Pars interarticularis.
1 _____________ forms the nose?	Transverse process.
The front legs are formed by one?	Inferior articular process.
Synovial Joints	The zygapophyseal joints between the superior and inferior processes.
Synovial joints are?	Diarthrodial (freely moveable).
Cartilaginous Joints	Joints are tightly bound by cartilage.
Cartilaginous joints are?	Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable).
Oblique Lumbar Vertebrae	Show the appearance of "Scottie Dog"
An anterior oblique position visualizes the ____________ joints.	Upside.
Posterior oblique position demonstrates the ____________ joints.	Downside.
AP projections of the lumbar spine are obtained with the _____________________.	Knees flexed.
On lumbar spine, sacrum, & coccyx radiographs, gonadal shields must always be used on?	Always used on male patients.
The xiphoid tip is approximately at the level of	T9-T10.
The lowest margin of the ribs or lower costal margin is the approximate level of?	L2-L3.
The most superior portion of the iliac crest?	L4-L5.
The ASIS is approximately at the level of?	S1-S2.
AP and PA radiographic projections demonstrate the ________ superimposed on the vertebral bodies	Spinous processes.
The __________ are demonstrated protruding laterally beyond the edges on the vertebral body on AP and PA radiographic projections	Transverse processes.
Posterior Oblique SI Joints	-Elevate affected side 25°-30°. -CR perpendicular 1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to upside ASIS.
Lateral coccyx	CR 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) posterior and 2 inches (5 cm) distal to ASIS (centering for coccyx.
AP Axial	-CR 30°-35° cephalad. -CR 2 inches (5 cm) below level of ASIS.
AP Axial Coccyx	-CR angled 10° caudad. -CR 2 inches (5 cm) superior to symphysis pubis.
Sacrum & Coocyx	-CR 15° cephalad. -CR 2 inches (5 cm) superior to pubic symphysis.
Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series	-2 IRs used. -Elevate convex side.
Erect Lateral Position: Scoliosis Series	-True lateral as possible. -Lower IR border 1-2 inches (3-5 cm) below iliac crest.
PA (AP) Projection: Scoliosis Series	Lower IR border 1-2 inches (3-5 cm) below iliac crest.
AP Axial SI Joints	CR 30°-35° cephalad. CR 2 inches (5 cm) below level of ASIS.
Lateral Coccyx	CR 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) posterior and 2 inches (5 cm) distal to ASIS (centering for coccyx).
Lateral Sacrum & Coccyx	CR 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) posterior to ASIS (centering for sacrum).
AP Axial L5-S1	-CR 30° (male) & 35° (female) cephalad. -CR enters at level of ASIS.
Lateral l5-S1	-CR perpendicular to IR (with support). -CR 1½ inches (4 cm) inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches (5 cm) posterior to ASIS.
Lateral Lumbar Spine	-CR perpendicular to long axis of spine. -CR to iliac crest, or 1½ inches (4 cm) above crest (at crest with 35 x 43 cm IR). -No support: 5°-8° caudad.
AP Lumbar Spine	- CR centered to level of iliac crest. - Correct- knees and hips flexed.
Vertebrae	Is a complex succession of many bones that provides a flexible supporting column for the trunk and head.
Spinal Canal	Begins at the base of the skull and extends distally into the sacrum.
Spinal Cord	Is enclosed and protected by the spinal canal and begins below the medulla oblongata.
Medulla Oblongata	Of the brain, which passes through the foramen magnum of the skull.
The vertebral column is divided into _____ sections.	5
The first 7 vertebrae are known as the __________________.	Cervical Vertebrae
There are ________ thoracic vertebrae?	12
Thoracic Vertebrae	Each of these connects to a pair of ribs.
Lumbar Vertebrae	Are the strongest in the vertebral column because the load of body weight increase toward the inferior end of the column.
Sacrum & Coccyx	Develops as multiple separate bones and then fuse into 2 distinct bones.
Concave	A rounded inward or depressed surface like a cave.
Convex	A rounded outward or elevated surface.
The cervical & lumbar regions have concave curvatures and are described as ______________.	Lordotic.
The thoracic and sacral regions have _______ curvatures.	Convex.
Primary curves	Thoracic and sacral curves.
Compensatory	Forms in the cervical region first, then in the lumbar curvature when children begin to walk.
A typical vertebrae consists of 2 parts:	Body & vertebral arch.
Body	Is the thick, weight-bearing anterior part of the vertebrae.
Vertebral Arch	The 2nd part; consists of a ring or arch of bone that extends posteriorly from the vertebral body.
Vertebral foramen	The posterior surface of the body and arch form a circular opening and contains the spinal cord.
Vertebral Canal	Tube-like opening; encloses and protects the spinal cord.
Pedicles	Extend posteriorly from either side of the vertebral body, form most sides of the vertebral arch.
Laminae (Cervical & Thoracic Spine)	Posterior part of the vertebral arch; formed by 2 somewhat flat layers of bone.
Transverse Process (C&T Spine)	Extend laterally from approximately the junction of each pedicle and lamina.
Spinous Process (C&T Cpine)	Extends posteriorly at the midline junction of the 2 laminae.
Invertebral disks	Are tightly bound to adjacent vertebral bodies for spinal stability, but also allow for flexibility and movement of the vertebral column.
4 Articular Processes	Project from the area of the junction of the pedicles and laminae.
Costal Joints	Articulations of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae.
Annulus Fibrosus	Outer fibrous portion of each disk.
Nucleus pulposus	Soft, semi-gelatinous inner part.
Herniated Nucleus pulposus (HNP)	Known as a slipped disk; when the soft inner part protrudes through the outer fibrous layer it press against the spinal cord and causes severe pain and numbness that radiates into the lower limbs.
Cervical vertebrae have ______ foramina?	3
The spinous processes of C2-C6 are fairly short and end in double-pointed or __________.	Bifid tips.
Articular Pillar	Column of bone; sometimes called lateral mass.
Transverse Foramina	The hole in each process.
Vertebra Prominens	The last cervical vertebrae and can be easily palpated.
C1 and C2 are on visualized on what view?	AP open mouth projection.
Atlas	The first cervical vertebrae.
Anterior arch	A thick arch of bone.
Odontoid process or Dens	Most distinct part of the 2nd cervical vertebrae.
Superior facet	Large depressed surface.
Atlantooccipital joints	Articulations b/w C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull.
Articular Pillars (lateral masses)	The segments of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes for C1.
Odontoid Processes	The conical process that projects up from the superior surface of the body.
Each thoracic vertebrae has a full facet or two partial facets called _________.	Demifacets
Costovertebral Joint	Each facet or combination of the 2 demifacets accepts the head of a rib.
All of the first 10 thoracic vertebrae have facets that articulate with the tubercles of ribs ______________.	1-10.
Ribs 11 & 12	Articulate only at the costovertebral joints.

Created by: sassyrad

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