Cervical, Thoracic, Lambar, and Coccyx
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| Kyphosis | Exaggerated thoracic curvature "hunchback"; increased convexity.
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| Lordosis | Exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback"; increased concavity.
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| C3-C6 | Are typical cervical vertebrae.
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| AP & PA Obliques | -70° oblique, CR perpendicular to T7, All 12 thoracic vertebrae demonstrated, and Zygapophyseal joint open
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| LATERAL THORACIC SPINE | -CR perpendicular to T7.
-Orthostatic (breathing) technique recommended.
-Range of T1-L1 included.
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| AP THORACIC SPINE | -CR to T7: 3-4 inch (8-10 cm) below jugular notch.
-Range of C7-L1 included.
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| AP AXIAL VERTEBRAL ARCH (PILLARS) PROJECTION | -Hyperextend neck.
-CR 20°-30° caudal angle.
-CR to lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5).
-Mandible above C3.
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| AP "WAGGING JAW" PROJECTION (OTTONELLO METHOD) | -Mandible moves during exposure.
-CR perpendicular to C4 level.
-C1-C7 vertebrae demonstrated.
-Adequate blurring of mandible.
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| ALTERNATE PROJECTIONS FOR DENS PA JUDD METHOD | -CR level of mastoid processes.
-CR parallel to MML.
-Dens within foramen magnum.
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| ALTERNATE PROJECTIONS FOR DENS AP FUCHS METHOD | -CR to inferior mandible.
-CR parallel to MML.
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| Hyperflexion | Spinous processes well separated.
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| Hyperextension | Spinous processes in close proximity.
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| CERVICOTHORACIC LATERAL (SWIMMER'S) | -True lateral position.
-Separate shoulders.
-CR to T1, 1 inch (2.5 cm) above jugular notch.
-C5-T3 clearly demonstrated.
-Humeral heads separate.
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| LATERAL POSITION (TRAUMA) | No head or neck manipulation.
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| LATERAL C-SPINE | -C1-C7/T1 demonstrated.
-Rami of mandible not superimposed over C1 C2.
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| POSTERIOR OBLIQUE | CR 15° cephalad
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| ANTERIOR OBLIQUE | CR 15° caudad.
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| LATERAL POSITION (NONTRAUMA) | -Relax and drop shoulders.
-CR to C4.
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| PA 45° OBLIQUE | -CR 15° to caudad to C4.
-C2-C7 intervertebral foramina open and clearly seen.
-Cervical pedicles well demonstrated.
-Base of skull not superimposed over C1.
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| AP AXIAL | -CR 15°-20° cephalad.
-CR to lower thyroid cartilage (C-4).
-C3 to T2 region demonstrated.
-Intervertebral disk spaces open.
-Base of skull and mandible superimpose C1-C2.
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| AP OPEN MOUTH | -Upper incisors and base of skull superimposed.
-CR through center of mouth.
-Atlas, axis, and dens seen in entirety.
-C1-C2 atlantoaxial joint space open.
-Upper incisors superimposing base of skull.
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| How many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5
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| Which lumbar is most inferior and the largest? | L5
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| Spinous Process (L-Spine) | Is bulky and blunt.
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| Invertebral foramina (L-Spine) | Are spaces or openings between pedicles when two vertebrae are stacked on each other.
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| Superior vertebral notch | A half-moon shaped area located on the upper surface of each pedicle.
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| Inferior vertebral notch | A half-moon shaped area located on the lower surface of each pedicle.
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| Superior Articular Processes | Processes that project upward.
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| Inferior Articular Processes | Processes that project downward.
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| Another term for the zygapophyseal joint | Facet.
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| Is the only articulating surface | Facet.
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| Zygapophyseal joints form an angle open from ___________ to the midsagital plane. | 30°-50°
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| Laminae (Lumbar) | Form a bridge between the transverse processes, lateral masses and spinous process.
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| Pars Interaticularis | portion of each lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes.
(demonstrated on the oblique lumbar)
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| How many sets of pelvic sacral foramina are there? | 4
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| The _____________ is inferior to the lumbar vertebrae? | Sacrum.
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| Alae | Or wings of the sacrum are large masses of bone lateral to the 1st sacral segment.
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| The bodies of the original ____ segments fuse into a single bone in the adult. | 5
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| Superior articular processes | Of the sacrum form zygapophyseal joints with the inferior articular processes of the L5.
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| Sacral horns | Are small tubercles that represent the inferior articular processes projecting inferiorly from each side of the 5th sacral segment.
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| The sacrum articulates with the slum of the pelvis at the ___________________ to form the sacroiliac joint. | Articular surface.
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| Sacral canal | Is a continuation of the vertebral canal and contains certain sacral nerves.
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| Median Sacral Crest | Is formed by fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.
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| The anterior ridge of the body on the first sacral segment helps form the ___________ of the sacrum; best demonstrated from a lateral prospective. | Promontory.
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| Coccyx | Most distal portion of the vertebral column.
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| Transverse processes | The most superior segment is the largest and broadest of the 4 sections and even has 2 lateral projections that are small.
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| Apex | Distal pointed tip of the coccyx.
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| Base | Broader superior portion of the coccyx.
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| The ear of the dog is one? | 1 superior articular process.
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| The eye of the dog is formed by one? | Pedicle.
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| The neck of the dog is one? | Pars interarticularis.
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| 1 _____________ forms the nose? | Transverse process.
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| The front legs are formed by one? | Inferior articular process.
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| Synovial Joints | The zygapophyseal joints between the superior and inferior processes.
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| Synovial joints are? | Diarthrodial (freely moveable).
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| Cartilaginous Joints | Joints are tightly bound by cartilage.
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| Cartilaginous joints are? | Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable).
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| Oblique Lumbar Vertebrae | Show the appearance of "Scottie Dog"
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| An anterior oblique position visualizes the ____________ joints. | Upside.
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| Posterior oblique position demonstrates the ____________ joints. | Downside.
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| AP projections of the lumbar spine are obtained with the _____________________. | Knees flexed.
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| On lumbar spine, sacrum, & coccyx radiographs, gonadal shields must always be used on? | Always used on male patients.
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| The xiphoid tip is approximately at the level of | T9-T10.
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| The lowest margin of the ribs or lower costal margin is the approximate level of? | L2-L3.
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| The most superior portion of the iliac crest? | L4-L5.
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| The ASIS is approximately at the level of? | S1-S2.
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| AP and PA radiographic projections demonstrate the ________ superimposed on the vertebral bodies | Spinous processes.
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| The __________ are demonstrated protruding laterally beyond the edges on the vertebral body on AP and PA radiographic projections | Transverse processes.
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| Posterior Oblique SI Joints | -Elevate affected side 25°-30°.
-CR perpendicular 1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to upside ASIS.
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| Lateral coccyx | CR 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) posterior and 2 inches (5 cm) distal to ASIS (centering for coccyx.
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| AP Axial | -CR 30°-35° cephalad.
-CR 2 inches (5 cm) below level of ASIS.
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| AP Axial Coccyx | -CR angled 10° caudad.
-CR 2 inches (5 cm) superior to symphysis pubis.
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| Sacrum & Coocyx | -CR 15° cephalad.
-CR 2 inches (5 cm) superior to pubic symphysis.
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| Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series | -2 IRs used.
-Elevate convex side.
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| Erect Lateral Position: Scoliosis Series | -True lateral as possible.
-Lower IR border 1-2 inches (3-5 cm) below iliac crest.
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| PA (AP) Projection: Scoliosis Series | Lower IR border 1-2 inches (3-5 cm) below iliac crest.
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| AP Axial SI Joints | CR 30°-35° cephalad.
CR 2 inches (5 cm) below level of ASIS.
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| Lateral Coccyx | CR 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) posterior and 2 inches (5 cm) distal to ASIS (centering for coccyx).
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| Lateral Sacrum & Coccyx | CR 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) posterior to ASIS (centering for sacrum).
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| AP Axial L5-S1 | -CR 30° (male) & 35° (female) cephalad.
-CR enters at level of ASIS.
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| Lateral l5-S1 | -CR perpendicular to IR (with support).
-CR 1½ inches (4 cm) inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches (5 cm) posterior to ASIS.
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| Lateral Lumbar Spine | -CR perpendicular to long axis of spine.
-CR to iliac crest, or 1½ inches (4 cm) above crest (at crest with 35 x 43 cm IR).
-No support: 5°-8° caudad.
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| AP Lumbar Spine | - CR centered to level of iliac crest.
- Correct- knees and hips flexed.
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| Vertebrae | Is a complex succession of many bones that provides a flexible supporting column for the trunk and head.
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| Spinal Canal | Begins at the base of the skull and extends distally into the sacrum.
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| Spinal Cord | Is enclosed and protected by the spinal canal and begins below the medulla oblongata.
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| Medulla Oblongata | Of the brain, which passes through the foramen magnum of the skull.
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| The vertebral column is divided into _____ sections. | 5
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| The first 7 vertebrae are known as the __________________. | Cervical Vertebrae
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| There are ________ thoracic vertebrae? | 12
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | Each of these connects to a pair of ribs.
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| Lumbar Vertebrae | Are the strongest in the vertebral column because the load of body weight increase toward the inferior end of the column.
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| Sacrum & Coccyx | Develops as multiple separate bones and then fuse into 2 distinct bones.
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| Concave | A rounded inward or depressed surface like a cave.
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| Convex | A rounded outward or elevated surface.
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| The cervical & lumbar regions have concave curvatures and are described as ______________. | Lordotic.
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| The thoracic and sacral regions have _______ curvatures. | Convex.
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| Primary curves | Thoracic and sacral curves.
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| Compensatory | Forms in the cervical region first, then in the lumbar curvature when children begin to walk.
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| A typical vertebrae consists of 2 parts: | Body & vertebral arch.
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| Body | Is the thick, weight-bearing anterior part of the vertebrae.
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| Vertebral Arch | The 2nd part; consists of a ring or arch of bone that extends posteriorly from the vertebral body.
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| Vertebral foramen | The posterior surface of the body and arch form a circular opening and contains the spinal cord.
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| Vertebral Canal | Tube-like opening; encloses and protects the spinal cord.
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| Pedicles | Extend posteriorly from either side of the vertebral body, form most sides of the vertebral arch.
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| Laminae (Cervical & Thoracic Spine) | Posterior part of the vertebral arch; formed by 2 somewhat flat layers of bone.
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| Transverse Process (C&T Spine) | Extend laterally from approximately the junction of each pedicle and lamina.
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| Spinous Process (C&T Cpine) | Extends posteriorly at the midline junction of the 2 laminae.
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| Invertebral disks | Are tightly bound to adjacent vertebral bodies for spinal stability, but also allow for flexibility and movement of the vertebral column.
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| 4 Articular Processes | Project from the area of the junction of the pedicles and laminae.
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| Costal Joints | Articulations of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae.
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| Annulus Fibrosus | Outer fibrous portion of each disk.
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| Nucleus pulposus | Soft, semi-gelatinous inner part.
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| Herniated Nucleus pulposus (HNP) | Known as a slipped disk; when the soft inner part protrudes through the outer fibrous layer it press against the spinal cord and causes severe pain and numbness that radiates into the lower limbs.
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| Cervical vertebrae have ______ foramina? | 3
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| The spinous processes of C2-C6 are fairly short and end in double-pointed or __________. | Bifid tips.
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| Articular Pillar | Column of bone; sometimes called lateral mass.
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| Transverse Foramina | The hole in each process.
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| Vertebra Prominens | The last cervical vertebrae and can be easily palpated.
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| C1 and C2 are on visualized on what view? | AP open mouth projection.
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| Atlas | The first cervical vertebrae.
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| Anterior arch | A thick arch of bone.
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| Odontoid process or Dens | Most distinct part of the 2nd cervical vertebrae.
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| Superior facet | Large depressed surface.
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| Atlantooccipital joints | Articulations b/w C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull.
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| Articular Pillars (lateral masses) | The segments of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes for C1.
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| Odontoid Processes | The conical process that projects up from the superior surface of the body.
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| Each thoracic vertebrae has a full facet or two partial facets called _________. | Demifacets
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| Costovertebral Joint | Each facet or combination of the 2 demifacets accepts the head of a rib.
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| All of the first 10 thoracic vertebrae have facets that articulate with the tubercles of ribs ______________. | 1-10.
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| Ribs 11 & 12 | Articulate only at the costovertebral joints.
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