Help
Options
Question
what are the 3 layers of the heart from outermost to innermost?
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
systole:
Remaining cards (60)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
IschemicHeartDisease
patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 3 layers of the heart from outermost to innermost? | -epicardium -myocardium -endocardium |
| systole: | ventricular contraction; when pressure is highest in the blood vessels |
| diastole: | when the heart muscles relax; when pressure is lowest in the blood vessels |
| what heart valves are open and closed during systole? | open: aortic and pulmonary valves closed: tricuspid and mitral valves |
| what heart valves are open and closed during systole? | open: tricuspid and mitral valves closed: aortic and pulmonary valves |
| the low-pressure system where the blood moves towards the lungs for gas exchange | pulmonary circuit |
| the high-pressure system where blood moves towards the body | systemic circuit |
| what helps oxygenate the heart itself? | coronary arteries |
| left anterior descending artery: | nicknamed "widowmaker", supplies the left ventricle, most commonly involved in MI |
| what is the pacemaker of the heart? | sinoatrial (SA) node |
| describe the process of the conduction system of the heart: | starts at the SA node then signal goes to AV node. AV node impulse is slightly delayed, allowing blood to fill ventricles. then the impulse moves through the bundle of HIs and then to the Purkinje fibers and they contract the ventricles |
| SA node impulse: | 60-100bpm |
| AV node impulse: | 40-60bpm |
| Purkinje fibers impulse: | 30-40bpm |
| what happens if the SA node fails to conduct? | AV node takes over |
| what are the 3 ions in the cardiac muscle action potential? | sodium, potassium, calcium |
| what happens during depolarization? | the heart contracts and sodium enters the cell and the electrical impulse begins |
| prolonged depolarization occurs when... | calcium enters the cell |
| what happens during repolarization? | potassium exits the cell, and the impulse goes back to its resting potential (normal) |
| absolute refractory period: | when cells cannot be restimulated |
| what happens if cells are stimulated during the absolute refractory period? | dysrhythmia |
| list the 7 symptoms from decreased CO observed with dysrhythmias: | -sleepiness -lightheadedness -chest pain -dyspnea -pallor -polar -oliguria |
| P wave: | atrial depolarization; starts at SA node |
| QRS wave: | ventricle depolarization and atrial repolarization (atria are relaxing and filling up with blood while the ventricles are contracting) |
| T wave: | repolarization of ventricles |
| what waveform is evaluated for an MI? | T waveform |
| what two things on an EKG indicate hypokalemia? | -flattened T wave -presence of U wave |
| atrial fibrillaton: | the most common arrhythmia and can cause thrombus formation |
| list the 9 risk factors for angina or MI: | -elderly -male -postmenopausal women -family history of CAD -obesity -smoker -alcoholics -HTN -stress |
| angina: | chest pain that caused by lack of blood flow to the heart; since there is no oxygen there, anaerobic respiration occurs and lactic acid builds up causing pain |
| what are the 3 main causes of myocardial ischemia? | -coronary thrombosis -atherosclerosis -coronary artery vasospasm |
| what is a coronary vasospasm? | when artery suddenly constricts and causes temporary ischemia; when the artery relaxes, the circulation is restored |
| stable angina: | reoccurring episodes of chest pain caused by physical or emotional stress; relieved by rest or vasodilators |
| unstable angina: | pain at rest or with minimal movement; medical emergency as it could progress to an MI |
| vasospastic angina: | occurs during rest from coronary vasospasms |
| list the 8 signs/symptoms of angina: | -Levine's sign -crushing pain on the left side of chest that radiates to the shoulder, arm, jaw, or back -pain doesn't change with positioning, breathing, or coughing -diaphoresis -nausea -v+ -dyspnea -pallor |
| the amount of damage from an MI depends on these 3 factors: | -location: the bigger the artery, the more damage is going to occur -length of time: takes the heart muscle around 30 mins to die -collateral circulation: athletic people have more angiogenesis |
| NSTEMI: | a partial coronary artery occlusion |
| NSTEMI EKG changes: | ST depression and T-wave inversion |
| STEMI: | a complete coronary artery occlusion |
| is NSTEMI or STEMI worse? why? | STEMI because there is infarction throughout our heart wall (transmural) |
| STEMI EKG changes: | -enlarged Q wave -ST elevation (inc in cardiac troponin) -T-wave inversion |
| do you see an elevation cardiac troponin for unstable angina? | no. in unstable angina, no cells have died yet |
| do you see an elevation cardiac troponin for MI? | yes |
| what are the 2 diagnostics used together to confirm an MI? | -elevation in cardiac troponin (released from our dying heart cells -EKG |
| what are the causes of endocarditis? (4) | -non-sterile IVs -prosthetic valves -staph bacteria -GABHS |
| what locations are infected in endocarditis? (2) | -heart valves -endocardium |
| list the 4 symptoms for endocarditis: | -HEART MURMUR -fever -myalgia -arthralgia |
| what are the causes of myocarditis? (5) | -VIRUSES -bacteria -fungus -parasites -drugs |
| what location is infected in myocarditis? | myocardium |
| list the 5 symptoms for myocarditis: | -chest pain -palpitations -fever -myalgia -arthralgia |
| what are the causes of pericarditis? (4) | -MI -infection -radiation -from Sx |
| what locations are infected in pericarditis? (2) | -pericardium -epicardium |
| list the 4 symptoms for pericarditis: | -fever -dyspnea -pericardial friction rub (you can hear it from a stethoscope) -chest pain |
| dressler's syndrome: | a form of pericarditis where pt has a hypersensitivity to tissue necrosis after MI |
| pericardial effusion: | -fluid accumulation of 30-50mls in pericardial space -caused by pericarditis (inflammation causes rush of WBCs and platelets and fluid to go there) |
| cardiac tamponade: | -complication of a pericardial effusion -fluid accumulation is greater than 200mls |
| beck's triad of cardiac tamponade: | -low BP -JVD -muffled heart sounds |
| COPD and tricuspid regurgitation are causes of... | RVHF |
| list the anginal equivalents (4): | -dizziness -dyspnea -pain in the back -fatigue |
| a pt that was diagnosed with MI would have elevated levels of what? (2) | -creatinine phosphokinase -troponin |
Created by:
akgross
Popular Nursing sets