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HSII Chpt. 10 (Pt.2)
Neurology Important Terms
| abducens | 6th cranial nerve, sends motor commands to one of the extraocular muscles to move the eye |
| absence seizure | impaired consciousness with slight or no muscle activity (also petit mal seizure) |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic division and somatic nervous system |
| alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | test performed on sample of amniotic fluid taken from the uterus by amniocentesis |
| Alzheimer’s disease | a hereditary dementia that is known to run in families with inherited chromosomal mutations |
| amnesia | partial or total (global) loss of memory of recent or remote (past) experiences |
| aura | a visual, olfactory, sensory, or auditory sign (flashing lights, strange odor, tingling, or buzzing sound) |
| automatism | an automatic action, any action performed without the doer's intention or awareness |
| axon | an elongated extension of cytoplasm at the end of the neuron |
| Babinski’s sign | a neurologic test to determine injury to the parietal lobe of the cerebrum or to the spinal nerves |
| benign | of no danger to health, especially relating to a tumorous growth; not malignant |
| brain | the largest part of the central nervous system located in the cranium |
| brainstem | a column of tissue that begins in the center of the brain and continues to meet the spinal cord |
| canal | tubular passageway or channel (Latin) |
| carotid | of, situated near, or involving a carotid artery |
| cauda equina | a group of nerve roots at the inferior end of the spinal cord |
| central | of, relating to, or comprising the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebellum | the separate rounded section of the brain that lies inferior and posterior to the cerebrum |
| cerebrum | the largest and most obvious part of the brain |
| coma | deep state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness caused by trauma, disease, metabolic , or glucose imbalance |
| corpus callosum | a connecting arch of neurons deep within the brain allowing the two hemispheres to communicate with each other |
| cortex | bark of a tree (Latin) |
| cranium | elevated fold |
| Curtzfeldt-Jacob disease | a fatal neurologic disorder, caused by a small infectious protein particle from cows infected with mad cow disease |
| deficit | a lack or impairment in mental or physical functioning |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, and limbic system |
| dura mater | the outermost layer of meninges below the bony cranium |
| endorphins | neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus, thalamus and brainstem, also natural pain relievers |
| epilepsy | recurring condition in which neurons in the brain spontaneously send out electrical impulses in an abnormal, uncontrolled way |
| epinephrine | a neurotransmitter that stimulates the sympathetic division, “fight or flight” |
| evoke | to elicit or draw forth |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma from 1 to 15. |
| grand mal seizure | unconsciousness with excessive motor activity (also tonic-clonic seizure) |
| Guillain-Barré | autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin |
| gyrus (pl. gyri) | narrow groove |
| Huntington’s chorea | progressive inherited degenerative disease of the brain that begins in middle age |
| infarct | tissue death and an area of necrosis from disruption or blockage of blood flow |
| hypothalamus | a portion of the brain that functions as part of both the endocrine and nervous systems |
| lobe | sections or divisions of each hemisphere of the cerebrum |
| medulla oblongata | the most inferior part of the brainstem, containing the respiratory centers |
| meninges | a three layer membrane around the brain |
| migraine | specific recurring headache with sudden onset and severe, throbbing pain, often with nausea and vomiting and sensitivity to light |
| myelin | a fatty, white insulating layer on large axons |
| nerve | bundles of individual nerve cells (neurons) |
| nerve root | a nerve fiber bundle that emerges from either side of the spinal cord and joins with a complementary bundle to form each spinal nerve in the series of spinal nerves |
| norepinephrine | major neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division, also in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord |
| nucleus | a group of specialized nerve cells or a localized mass of gray matter in the brain or spinal cord |
| nucleus pulposus | an elastic pulpy mass lying in the center of each intervertebral fibrocartilage |
| palsy | complete or partial muscle paralysis, often accompanied by loss of sensation and uncontrollable body movements or tremors |
| Parkinson’s disease | chronic, degenerative disease of imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain |
| pia mater | the innermost layer of the meninges next to the brain |
| plaque | a deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall, characteristic of atherosclerosis. |
| pons | a relay station in the brain that links nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum |
| positron | a positively charged particle having the same mass and magnitude of charge as the electron and constituting the antiparticle of the electron (also positive electron) |
| proprioception | the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself |
| reflex | a rapid, involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord |
| resonance | the enhancement of an atomic, nuclear, or particle reaction or a scattering event by excitation of internal motion in the system |
| Romberg test | a neurological test to detect poor balance. Specifically, it detects the inability to maintain a steady standing posture with the eyes closed |
| sciatica | pain, numbness, and prickling or tingling along a dermatome of a spinal nerve |
| Schwann cells | cells that produce myelin that surrounds the larger axons of the neurons of cranial and spinal nerves |
| schwannoma | brain tumor in the Schwann cells near the cranial or spinal nerves |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter in synapses between neurons of the limbic system, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord |
| shunt | a passage between two natural body channels, such as blood vessels, especially one created surgically to divert or permit flow from one pathway or region to another; a bypass. |
| spina bifida | congenital abnormality of the neural tube with incomplete formation of vertebrae |
| status epilepticus | a state of prolonged continuous seizure activity or frequently repeated individual seizures that occur without the patient regaining consciousness |
| substantia nigra | a gray-to-black pigmented area of the brain that produces dopamine that regulates muscle tone |
| sulcus (pl. sulci) | a furrow or groove |
| synapse | a space between two neurons |
| syncope | temporary loss of consciousness |
| thalamus | a portion near the center of the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory information |
| vagus nerve | the 10th cranial nerve, receives sensory information for taste, touch, temperature, vibration and pain |
| ventricle | four interconnected cavities within the brain |
| von Recklinghausen’s disease | (also neurofibromatosis) hereditary disease with multiple benign fibrous tumors that arise from peripheral nerves. |
Created by:
Tea Lad
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