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McKinlay (1975)
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Health Psych Studies
All key studies and example studies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| McKinstry and Wang (1991) | Aim: To see if doctor’s clothing affected patients preference. Finding: Patients preferred formally dressed doctors. Jeans were least preffered. 64% though doctor’s clothing mattered. |
| McKinlay (1975) | Aim: to learn how well lower working class mothers understand medical terms. Finding: Mothers more experienced with clinics understood terms better. Doctors underestimated patient understanding. Doctors used terms even when the patients did not understand |
| Savage & Armstrong (1990) summary | Compared doctor-led (directing) and patient-led (sharing) styles. 200 patients saw one GP. |
| Savage & Armstrong (1990) context | Doctor-centred: doctor leads, closed questions, patient passive. Patient-centred: patient involved, open questions, shared decisions. Study compares their impact on satisfaction. |
| Savage & Armstrong aim | To compare how directing and sharing consultation styles affect patient satisfaction. |
| Savage & Armstrong sample | 200 patients aged 16–75 from one doctor’s surgery over 4 months. |
| Savage & Armstrong procedure | Patients were randomly assigned to a directing or sharing consultation style. The doctor used prompt cards to follow the chosen style. Consultations were recorded, and patients completed satisfaction questionnaires right after and one week later. |
| Savage & Armstrong findings | Patients were more satisfied with the directing style. They felt the doctor understood them better, gave excellent explanations, and their condition improved more after one week. |
| Savage & Armstrong conclusions | Doctor’s directing style leads to higher patient satisfaction, especially for simple physical problems, which goes against the common belief that a sharing style is better. |
| Savage & Armstrong strengths | Validity, Reliability, Temporal validity, Application |
| Savage & Armstrong limitations | Sample, Lack of qualitative data, Generalisability |
| Safer et al (1979) | Safer et al. (1979) studied why people delay going to the doctor. They found delay happens in three steps: noticing illness, deciding to get help, and going for treatment. Pain made people act faster, but fear, cost, and life problems caused more delay. |
| Aleem & Ajarim (1995) | A 22 year old woman had repeated abscesses and surgeries, evidence showed she caused the abcesses herself. |
| Laba et al (2012) | Studied why people choose not to take medication, They found that side effects, cost, and dosage affected adherence, but symptom severity and alcohol restrictions did not. The cost was a factor only for those without private insurance |
| Riekert & Drotar (1999) | Studied treatment adherence in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Non-returners tested their blood sugar less and had lower adherence scores than participants. The study suggested that better organization skills would benefit. |
| Chung & Naya (2000) | It studied electronic monitoring of asthma medication adherence. Using TrackCap MEMS, they found 71% adherence and 89% compliance. The study showed TrackCap is a reliable adherence measure, despite some patients trying to manipulate results. |
| Chaney et al (2004) | Studied whether a funhaler (a toy-like inhaler) could improve adherence in asthmatic children. 32 children used a standard inhaler for two weeks, then switched to the funhaler for two weeks. Results showed that adherence increased with the funhaler. |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) summary | Tested different ways to encourage preschoolers’ immunizations. Monetary incentives worked best, followed by increased clinic access and specific prompts. General prompts were less effective, and control groups had the lowest rates. |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) context | In the 1970s and 1980s, efforts to promote healthy behaviors like seatbelt use and good nutrition were increasing, but immunisation rates remained low in some areas. This posed health risks and led to school bans for unvaccinated children. |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) aim | To test different community interventions to encourage preschool children’s immunisations, including prompts and incentives. |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) sample | The sample consisted of 1,133 preschool children in need of at least one immunisation, drawn from a public health clinic in an American city. |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) procedure | Families received either a general or specific prompt, increased clinic access, or a monetary incentive in the form of a cash lottery. Two control groups were included. They measured the number of children immunised, clinic attendance and total immunisati |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) findings | The monetary incentive group had the highest immunisation rates, followed by increased access, specific prompts, and general prompts. These effects remained significant at two- and three-month follow-ups. Specific prompts were the most cost-effective, whi |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) conclusions | Specific prompts and monetary incentives effectively increased immunisation rates, with incentives providing the biggest short-term boost but being less cost-effective long-term. These findings suggest that targeted reminders and accessible clinics can im |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) strengths | The study had high population validity due to its large sample size and diverse participants. It used a longitudinal design, measuring both short-term and long-term effects, increasing validity. Accuracy checks ensure reliable data, and the findings have |
| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) limitations | The study was conducted in a specific American city, limiting generalisability to other populations. While the monetary incentive was effective, it may not be sustainable or ethical in all healthcare settings. The reliance on mailed prompts assumes parent |
| MacLachlan et al (2004) | Case study of Alan, a 32-year old amputee. He felt PLP in his amputated leg, feeling as though his toes were crossed and causing pins and needles. This was successfully treated with stretching exercises and mirror treatment. |
| Brudvik et al (2016) summary | Children assess their pain as being more severe than parents do, and physicians assess it as even less severe than that. This leads to under-use of pain relief given by doctors. |
| Brudvik et al (2016) context | Research by Grant (2006) suggested that children are often not given pain relief, such as analgesics, when they should be - especially in emergency care. |
| Brudvik et al (2016) aim | To assess the level of agreement in pain severity between children, parents and physicians; to see if the child’s age and medical condition affects their pain assessment; and to see how these assessments affect the administration of pain relief for childr |
| Brudvik et al (2016) sample | 243 children (aged 3-15 years, 53% male) who had attended a Norwegian emergency department over a 17-day period. |
| Brudvik et al (2016) procedure | Children and parents were asked to rate the pain that the child was facing, using different techniques to make it age-appropriate. 3-8yrs used the FPS-R; 9-15 used the VAS; parents and physicians used the Numeric Rating Scale. Scores were compared. |
| Brudvik et al (2016) findings | Doctor’s mean NRS = 3.2; Parents’ mean NRS = 4.8; Child’s mean score = 5.5. Though the difference in assessments decreased at higher pain severity. Only 14.3% of the children who assessed their pain as severe received painkillers. |
| Brudvik et al (2016) conclusions | Physicians significantly underestimate pain in children, compared to parents and children. However, this was less likely in children aged 8+. |
| Brudvik et al (2016) strengths | Good sample size; good ecological validity (real emergency department); use of quantitative data makes it more replicable |
| Brudvik et al (2016) limitations | Use of self-report is vulnerable to demand characteristics and lying; Limited generalisability since it was one department in Norway |
| Chandola et al (2008) | This is an example study that found the link between coronary heart disease and workplace stress with questionnaires and clinical examinations. |
| Wang et al (2005) | The use of fMRI to measure CBF changes in response to mild to moderate stress as a result of a maths task. |
| Evans & Wener (2007) | Use of salivary cortisol tests to measure stress who were found with crowding on a train. |
| Budzynski et al (1969) | This study tested using an analogue monitor to measure muscle tension (in the forehead), testing to see whether biofeedback can work effectively for this and if yes, it would work for other muscle relaxation as well. |
| Bridge et al (1988) summary | This study investigated the levels of stress after people receiving a cancer diagnosis due to the symptoms they could experience and the difficulty of the treatments. They tried to investigate to see if reducing stress through muscle relaxation helps thei |
| Bridge et al (1988) context | Receiving a diagnosis of cancer can bring a lot of stress to the patient as they worry about the future, Bridge et al wanted to investigate how to reduce this as it is a dangerous add on. |
| Bridge et al (1988) aim | To find out the effect of relaxation and imagery on stress experienced by cancer patients due to their diagnosis. |
| Bridge et al (1988) sample | Included 139 women undergoing a six-week course of radiotherapy after being diagnosed with breast cancer. They were all under the age of 70 and attended a hospital in London, United Kingdom. |
| Bridge et al (1988) procedure | Multiple self report questionnaires assessing their mood at the start, and then undergoing their programme based on their groups (control, relaxation, relaxation & imagery). Included deep breathing & sensory awareness. Duration of 6 weeks with questionnai |
| Bridge et al (1988) findings | The most improvement was in the relaxation and imagery group, specifically towards the mood of the women. In the control group however, it had worsened. |
| Bridge et al (1988) conclusions | The use of relaxation and imagery does help a lot for diagnosed cancer patients and their mood state. |
| Bridge et al (1988) strengths | Use of self-report questionnaire; Lot of quantitative data due to scales; Application to everyday life as it can help to use relaxation and imagery techniques as a treatment in real life |
| Bridge et al (1988) limitations | Good size of sample however all were women therefore lacks generalisability. Use of closed ended questions. Use of self-report questionnaire (bias through self reporting) |
| Janis & Feshbach (1953) | Tested to see how different levels of fear in health messages affects behaviour (high school students heard talks about dental hygiene) |
| Lewin et al (1992) | Tested if giving patients who experienced a heart attack, a self-help manual would help in recovery. |
| Tapper et al (2003) | The use of 3 different methods to get 6 year old children to eat their fruits and vegetables per day. The methods used were taste exposure, modelling and reward system, to find out which one is most effective. |
| Fox et al (1987) | They used a token economy to improve health and safety in open-pit mines by rewarding injury-free months with trading stamps, which workers could exchange for household items. The study found a significant reduction in lost-time injuries and associated co |
| Weinstein (1980) | Investigated the effect of unrealistic optimism with 2 studies, to understand which factors affect this type of thought process. |
| Seligman | Aimed to study positive psychology and the three happy lives. Taught students techniques like gratitude, savouring and using personal strengths to increase happiness. |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) summary | It studied the impact of a school-based positive psychology program on adolescent mental health. They found that students who participated showed increased self-esteem, optimism, and self-efficacy, along with reduced distress, anxiety, and depression. The |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) context | Studied a positive psychology program, to address rising adolescent mental health issues and improve well-being in schools, With research from Costello et al.(2004) and the WHO(2005 backing it up. |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) aim | To see if a positive psychology intervention could improve adolencent’s well being. |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) sample | 1,167 students aged 11-14 years from middle schools in Israel. One school was used as the intervention group and the other (matched for demographics) was the control group. Almost all participants were Jewish and from a mix of socioeconomic backgrounds. |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) procedure | Teachers in the intervention group went through a 30-hour workshop, teaching them about positive psychology. They then taught the students this material using activities, discussions etc. Questionnaires (including the BSI and measures of self-esteem, self |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) findings | Students in the intervention group had significant decreases in mental health symptoms, general distress, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity. They showed increases in self-esteem, self-efficacy and optimism. There was no d |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) conclusions | Positive psychology programs can effectively promote adolescent well-being and improve the overall school environment. |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) strengths | Use of a control group, Large sample, Longitudinal design, ecological validity. |
| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) limitations | Limited sample, only uses self-report measures (demand characteristics), Possible cultural differences. |
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