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Health Psych terms
All Health Psych terms and tests
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disclosure of information | When the patient tells the doctor information about their symptoms and their experience for the doctor to make a diagnosis |
| False positive diagnosis | Occurs when the patient is unwell but the doctor misdiagnoses them as being healthy |
| False negative diagnosis | Occurs when the patient is well but the doctor misdiagnoses them as being unhealthy |
| Doctor-centred (directed) practitioner style | A consultation style where the doctor leads, asks closed questions and does not encourage discussion with the patient |
| Patient-centred (sharing) practitioner style | A consultation style where the patient is an active part of the consultation and discussion is encouraged. |
| Appraisal delay | The time a patient takes to judge a symptom as a sign of illness. |
| Illness delay | The time between when the patient decides they are ill and when they decide to seek medical care |
| Utilisation delay | The time between when they make the decision to seek care until they actually get it. (assessing whether the time, effort and money is worth it) |
| Health Belief Model, as an explanation for delay | This explains delay due to a number of psychological factors in the patient, which include perceived vulnerability, severity, benefits and barriers, as well as cues to action, self-efficacy and any modifying variables (like upbringing and cultural norms) |
| Munchausen syndrome (inc. diagnostic features) | When someone pretends to be unwell and hurts themselves in order to get attention. Essential features: pathological lying, travelling or wandering (peregrination) and recurrent, feigned or stimulated illness |
| Malingering | When someone makes themselves unwell for an incentive |
| Medical non - adherence | The failure to take medication or follow prescribed treatments as directed by a healthcare provider. |
| Primary non-adherence | When a patient does not fill or pick up a prescribed medication at all, meaning the treatment is never initiated. |
| Non-persistence (type of non-adherence) | When a patient starts a prescribed treatment but discontinues it before the recommended duration, often without medical advice, and is usually unintentional and happens due to miscommunication |
| Non-conforming (type of non-adherence) | When a patient takes the prescribed medication but does not follow the instructions correctly. This could include taking the wrong doses, skipping doses, or taking them at the wrong time. |
| Rational non-adherence | When a patient deliberately chooses not to follow a prescribed treatment based on logical reasoning. May be due to concerns about the side effects, cost, or personal beliefs. |
| Health Belief Model | Explains health behaviours based on personal beliefs. People take action if they feel Perceived susceptibility & Perceived severity. They weigh Perceived Benefits against Perceived barriers. Cues to action & Self-efficacy also plays a role. |
| Medical Adherence Measure (MAM) | A tool that assesses how well a patient follows their prescribed treatment plan. It evaluates factors like missed doses, timing, and reasons for non-adherence. |
| Medical dispensers | Devices that help patients take their medication correctly by organizing doses, providing reminders, or automatically dispensing pills at the right time. |
| Pill Counting | A simple method to measure adherence is by counting the remaining pills and comparing them to the expected number based on the prescription. |
| Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) device | An electronic pill bottle or cap that records the date and time whenever the container is opened. It helps track medication adherence by providing real-time data on when doses are taken. |
| Blood and urine samples | Laboratory tests used to measure medication levels in the body. They help assess adherence by checking if a patient has taken their prescribed medication as expected. |
| Contracts (improve adherence) | A written or verbal agreement between a patient and healthcare provider outlining the treatment plan and commitment to follow it. These contracts increase accountability and motivation to adhere to medication. |
| Prompts (improve adherence) | Reminders like alarms, phone notifications, text messages, or visual cues that help patients remember to take their medication on time. |
| Customising treatment (improve adherence) | Tailoring medication plans to fit a patient’s lifestyle, preferences, and needs. This can include adjusting dosage forms, simplifying schedules, or addressing side effects to make adherence easier. |
| Community interventions | Programs that support medication adherence through education, peer support, and outreach. These can include community health workers, support groups, or local campaigns to raise awareness and provide resources. |
| Acute pain | Temporary pain which lasts for six months or less. Usually any related anxiety fades away with the pain. |
| Chronic pain | Long term pain, which hurts continually. Often leads to helplessness, anxiety and depression. |
| Phantom limb pain | Pain felt in a limb that no longer exists, e.g. due to amputation. |
| Mirror treatment | PLP patients place their intact limbs in front of a mirror to trick the brain into seeing the amputated limb. They can stretch this limb to show the brain that there is nothing to cause pain. |
| Specificity theory of pain | A now-disproven theory that there are specific pain regions of the brain that help us to sense pain. No such thing is found to exist. |
| Gate control theory of pain | Says the spinal cord has ‘gates’ which regulate how much pain we feel; this can be affected by expectations, severity and which fibres (large/small) are activated. Rubbing a sore elbow can reduce pain as these large fibres inhibit the smaller pain fibres. |
| Clinical interview to measure pain | |
| McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ) | Consists of 78 words, which the patient must choose from to describe their pain. This leads to a score from 0-78, showing the severity of their pain, but also the types of pain, and asks what factors affect their pain (e.g. weather, food) |
| Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) | A way of assessing pain on a continuum, usually one straight line with ‘no pain’ at one end and ‘intolerable pain’ at the other end. Usually their score can be marked as a % |
| Faces Pain Rating Scale Revisited (FPS-R) | A measure of pain showing 6 faces showing increasing levels of pain that the child can select |
| Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) | A measure of pain that allows the child to mark the severity on a coloured line, ranging from no pain (green) to severe pain (red). |
| Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) | A measure of pain that gives a scale (0-10) for the patient to select the most fitting number. |
| UAB pain behaviour scale | A measure of pain where an observer (e.g. carer) scores the patient on a series of behaviours (e.g. mobility, facial grimaces, verbal complaints) from 0, 0.5 or 1. Gives a score out of 10 for severity overall. |
| Analgesics | Also known as painkillers, this is the broad name for pain-relieving medications. |
| Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | Reduces pain by reducing the production of prostaglandins - hormone-like substances that cause pain. These can be bought over the counter, with stronger forms available via prescription. |
| Opioids | Painkillers which work by attaching to opioid receptors in the brain, which release signals that reduce pain and increase pleasure. Used for acute pain, but carry a high risk of addiction. |
| Attention diversion | This is a strategy that helps distract the mind from the pain by doing something else, it doesn’t take away the pain but removes it from being the main focus. |
| Non-pain imagery | This is a strategy that involves a person thinking about a calm and relaxing situation to be able to slow their breathing and slow their heart rate to be calm and not pay attention to the pain. |
| Cognitive redefinition | This strategy involves replacing threatening, harsh or negative thoughts about the pain with positive, calming and reassuring thoughts. This trains the mind to manage the pain better with either coping statements or reinterpretative statements. |
| Acupuncture | This is an alternative Asian treatment used to manage pain through very fine needles being inserted in the skin, helping the release of endorphins to happen and providing relief to their pain. |
| Stimulation therapy/TENS machine | This is another alternative treatment that uses electrodes to deliver a mind electrical current to the painful area. This helps with reducing the pain signals sent to the brain and overall helping the muscles to relax. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | It is the three-stage process including alam stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage that describes the biological changes in the body during a period of stress. |
| Life events | Any major changes in life (either positive or negative) that is a cause of stress. |
| Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) | This is the scale to measure the effect of life events on health status, with a rating scale to see how much it affects their life. |
| Friedman & Rosenman’s Type A Personality | Type A personalities are those who are more competitive, have a constant sense of time urgency, are impatient and are more prone to hostility and anger, more prone to stress. |
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) | This is a scanning technique used to measure brain activity by checking the flow of oxygenated blood, so if a part of the brain is active it requires more oxygen and therefore has higher CBF (cerebral blood flow) |
| Pulse oximeter | It is a device to measure heart rate and oxygen saturation that is a small clip placed on the finger. It is painless. |
| Sample tests for salivary cortisol | Cortisol is a hormone activated during stress therefore stress can be assessed by measuring the levels of cortisol in one’s saliva. |
| Biofeedback | This is a psychological therapy that is used to manage stress, it is done by using electrical sensors allowing them to get information about the different functions of their body, causing changes and reducing stress. |
| Imagery to reduce stress | Imagination of a peaceful scene leads to a reduction in stress due to a sense of calmness and relaxation. |
| Stress inoculation training | A type of CBT exposing people to increasing levels of stress to develop their coping skills. This includes 3 phases - conceptualisation, skills acquisition & rehearsal, and application & follow-through. |
| Fear arousal | When fear about health risks is used to encourage people to change their behavior and make healthier choices. |
| Providing information | Giving people clear and useful details about health issues and how to manage them, in order to help them make better choices and improve their health. |
| Taste exposure (for healthy eating) | Trying a new food multiple times makes a person more likely to accept and enjoy them, especially children when encouraged positively. |
| Modelling (healthy eating) | When healthy eating habits are shown so others can learn by watching and are encouraged to copy that behaviour |
| Rewards (for healthy eating) | Using positive reinforcement to encourage someone to keep making healthy food choices. |
| Token economy | A system where desirable behavior is rewarded with a token, which can be exchanged for a reward. Encouraging positive actions. |
| Unrealistic optimism | People have a tendency to expect that bad things will happen to other people but not to themselves. As well as good things happening to them are more likely in comparison to other people. |
| Positive psychology | The scientific study of the three different happy lives (pleasant life, good life, meaningful life) |
| Pleasant Life | It's about positive emotions |
| Good Life | About positive traits, primarily strengths, values and talents. |
| Meaningful Life | About positive institutions such as a strong family and democracy. |
| Values in action Institute of the Mayerson Foundation questionnaire (VIA) | A questionnaire designed to identify a person’s top strengths and virtues from a list. |
| Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | A scale designed to measure adolescent’s mental health. Contails 53 self report items rated on a 4 point likert scale. It measures depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity. |
Created by:
MrSamBlakeley
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