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Phineaus Gage
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personality
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personality psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phineaus Gage | 1800s railway worker that had a metal rod through his brain. big change in personality afterwards |
| personality | stable behavior patterns or the consistency of who you are, have been, and will be |
| Trait Theory | heavy on nature/genetics |
| The Big 5 (OCEAN) | - Gordon Allport Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
| cardinal traits | person's activity can be traced back to traits (Dalai Lama, Mother Theresa, Hitler) |
| central/common traits | traits that are shared among individuals of a culture (language, beliefs, etc) |
| secondary/individual traits | traits that are unique to an individual |
| gordon allport | spoke of all 4500 traits - modified 171 traits - 16 factor personality traits in 1957 - 2 major traits: extraversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability |
| extroversion | degree of introversion/extroversion |
| agreeableness | degree of friendliness, caring-cold, indifferent |
| conscientious | self-disciplined/responsible-irresponsible/carelessness |
| neuroticism | degree of upsetting emotions. anxiety, irritable |
| openness | to new ideas |
| Freud | Viennese physician who believed that his parents problems where more emotional than physical |
| id | innate biological instincts/self-serving/irrational/unconscious - WORKS ON PLEASURE PRINCIPLE wants desires satisfied now regardless of consequences |
| ego (Freud) | EXECUTIVE - directs ID energies and superego moral injunctions - works on reality principles - will always be caught on the middle as mediator |
| super ego | censor for thoughts and actions of the ego - comes from caregivers - where guilt originates - MORALITY, RELIGION, ETHICS |
| two parts of super ego | - conscience and ego ideal |
| conscience | reflects actions for which a person has been punished when standards aren't met |
| ego ideal | reflects behavior one's parents approved or rewarded |
| psychosexual developmental stages | the stages proposed by Freud: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital - most of personality is formed before the age of 6 |
| erogenous zone | area on body capable of producing pleasure |
| fixation | unresolved conflict caused by overindulgence or frustration |
| repression | the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulses |
| suppression | the conscious decision to avoid thinking about certain thoughts or feelings |
| oral stage (ages 0-1) | most pleasure comes from infant's mouth - oral dependent personality: gullible, passive, need lot of attention |
| oral-aggressive adults: | like to argue and exploit, lots of verbal abuse |
| anal stage (ages 1-3) | attention tunes to process of elimination - child gains approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on |
| harsh/lenient toilet training can make a child: | - anal retentive: stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean - anal expulsive: disorderly, messy, destructive, cruel |
| phallic stage (ages 3-6) | child notices and is physically attracted to opposite sex parent - child is vain, sensitive, and narcissistic |
| phallic stage can lead to 2 conflicts (widely rejected) | 1. Oedipus conflict 2. Electra conflict |
| 1. Oedipus conflict: (BOYS) | feels rivalry with his father for his mother's affection - must identify with father to resolve |
| 2. Electra conflict (GIRLS) | loves father and competes with mother - must identify with mother slowly due to feeling castrated |
| latency (age 6 - puberty) | psychosexual dev is formant - same sex friendships and play occur |
| genital stage (puberty and so on) | full adult sexuality occurs and urges reawaken |
| Jung (1875 - 1961) | tradition and contemporary of Freud - seeking BALANCE between conscious and unconscious - must have conflict |
| psyche | non physical entity / energy seeking balance - true self comes from balancing opposing forces |
| ego (JUNG) | conscious identity |
| personal unconscious | forgotten experiences |
| collective unconscious | ancestry and archetypes |
| shadow | dark side of our nature |
| anima/animus | the feminine side of a man (anima) and the masculine side of a woman (animus) in Jung's theory |
| persona | mask we wear |
| the SELF | the realization of balance among all parts of the psyche in Jung's theory |
| Myers-Briggs Test | a personality assessment based in part on Jung's theory |
| Extrovert/Introvert | a dichotomy in personality types indicating social orientation |
| Thinking/Feeling | think: reason/logic feeling: judging good/bad |
| Judgement/Perception | judge: planned/structure perception: does not want to miss out (FOMO) and spontaneous |
| Sensing/intuitive | sensing: initial experiences using senses with NO REASON/EVALUATION intuitive: rely on hunches in strange situations |
| Bem SEX role inventory (BSRI) | 60 total traits ( 20 masc/ 20 fem/ 20 neutral) |
| androgyny | both masc and fem traits - more adaptable - rigid gender stereotypes restrict men the most |
| Adler (180 - 1937) | - goal driven - FUTURE ORIENTED - splits from Freud |
| teleological | goal driven |
| guiding self-ideal | the concept of an individual's ideal self that drives behavior - not controlled by past |
| destructive way to pursue guiding self | ruling person, getting person, avoiding person |
| constructive way to pursue guiding self | socially useful |
| 3 ways to find purpose | 1. COMMUNITY : relationships 2. WORK 3. LOVE : cooperation, trust, equals |
| birth order emphasis (adler) | the idea that an individual's position in the family affects personality within SIBLING hierarchy |
| Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994) | UNCONSCIOUS STRUGGLES - OFTEN BETWEEN PARENT/CHILD - 8 stages of psycho social development |
| 8 stages of psycho social development | 1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs role confusion 6. intimacy vs isolation 7. generativity vs stagnation 8. integrity vs despair |
| 1. trust vs mistrust | (ages 0-1) - trust that basic needs will be met to infant |
| 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt | (ages 1-3) - sense of independence develops |
| 3. initiative vs guilt | (ages 3-6) - takes initiative on some activities - may develop guilt when success is not met or boundaries overstepped |
| 4. industry vs inferiority | (ages 7-11) - self confidence develops - feels inferiority when abilities fail |
| 5. identity vs role confusion | (ages 12-18) - experiments with and develops identity and roles |
| 6. intimacy vs isolation | (ages 19-29) - establishes intimacy and relationships with others |
| 7. generativity vs stagnation | (ages 30-64) - contributes to society and be a part of family |
| 8. integrity vs despair | (ages 65 and up) - assess and makes sense of the meaning of life and contributions |
| Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) | a psychologist known for creating the Hierarchy of Needs - how unmet needs have impact on personality development |
| Hierarchy of Needs | a theory that categorizes human needs into levels: self-actualization, self-esteem, love and belonging, safety and security, physiological needs. |
| physiological needs | food/water/warmth/rest |
| safety needs | security and safety |
| belongingness and love needs | intimate relationships and friends |
| esteem needs | prestige and feeling of accomplishment |
| self-actualisation | achieving full potential |
| physiological needs | the most basic of all needs: food, water, air, warmth, rest. |
| Carl Rogers's self theory | - self-image: subjective - true-self - ideal self - incongruence |
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