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Human DV Practice 3
Exam review for test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Casual judgements one makes about the conditions underlying success and failure are referred to as... a.) Attributes. b.) Dispositions. c.) Self-Justification. d.) Self-Perceptions. | a.) Attributes. |
| An analogous process in males to female menarche is... a.) Penis growth. b.) First ejaculation. c.) Development of the testes. d.) Voice change. | b.) First ejaculation. |
| Which one of the following situations is a valid implication of Maslow's hierarchy? a.) Tori, who has low self-esteem won't have motivation to belong to a group. b.) Cyan, who is feeling ill this week, may show little interest in going to her meeting. | b.) Cyan, who is feeling ill this week, may show little interest in going to her meeting. |
| Adolescents' cognitive abilities differ in their thinking from children primarily in that, unlike children, their thinking is not necessarily tied to... a.) Fantasy. b.) Concrete events. c.) Logic. d.) Abstract thought. | b.) Concrete events. |
| The statistic that minority, poor males have a higher rate of juvenile delinquency than other groups probably is misleading because... a.) middle and upper-class offenders are not always arrested. b.) many older criminals lie about their age. | a.) middle and upper-class offenders are not always arrested. |
| Hypothetical thought is NOT... a.) Tied to the everyday world as individuals know it. b.) Reasoning about propositions that may or may not reflect reality. c.) About imagined possibilities. d.) Part of formal operational thinking. | a.) Tied to the everyday world as individuals know it. |
| Ms. Hess tells the class, "If we have a good lesson on fractions, I will credit each of you with a bonus point." She is trying to stimulate what type of motivation? a.) Intrinsic. b.) Extrinsic. c.) Cognitive. d.) Humanist. | b.) Extrinsic. |
| Now in her mid-twenties, Harriet rarely exercises, eats fast food, and parties hearty. When she's retired she will be... a.) Relatively less healthy because of her earlier poor choices. b.) in satisfactory health, because of her early stress. | a.) Relatively less healthy because of her earlier poor choices. |
| Low rates of teenage delinquency are associated with which type of parenting style? a.) Authoritarian. b.) Authoritative. c.) Indulgent. d.) Neglectful. | b.) Authoritative. |
| When teaching a concept, teachers should always present non-examples of the concept to help students avoid... a.) Irrelevant attributes. b.) Under generalization. c.) Overgeneralization. d.) Negative instances. | c.) Overgeneralization. |
| Which of the following BEST summarizes physical changes during early adulthood? a.) Young adults show peak performances but show significant declines in sensory systems. b.) Young adults are healthy and fit but beginning to decline in some areas. | b.) Young adults are healthy and fit but beginning to decline in some areas. |
| In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which sequence from lower to higher needs is correct? a.) Love, esteem, knowledge, aesthetics and self-actualization. b.) Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. | a.) Love, esteem, knowledge, aesthetics and self-actualization. |
| An important explanation for the high rate of violent death among young men lies in... a.) Genetic factors. b.) The "if you can't join em beat em" attitude. c.) Stereotypes of "manly" behavior. d.) Insufficient protein in diets. | c.) Stereotypes of "manly" behavior. |
| Genetics probably do NOT account for which variation in the age of puberty? a.) Female athletes experience a later onset of puberty than inactive girls. b.) African Americans begin puberty earlier. c.) Some girls develop breast buds at eight years old. | a.) Female athletes experience a later onset of puberty than inactive girls. |
| As opposed to primary sexual characteristics, changes in secondary sexual characteristics are evidenced in changes in... a.) Reproductive capacity. b.) Skeletal system. c.) Circulatory system. d.) External appearance. | d.) External appearance. |
| For the cognitive theory of motivation, students are motivated primarily by a(n)... a.) Desire for gaining fulfillment for their accomplishments b.) Desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior c.) Inherent need to understand what they're learning. | c.) Inherent need to understand what they're learning. |
| Which of the following is NOT required for a relationship to be intimate? a.) Common activities. b.) Self-disclosure. c.) Sexual involvement. d.) Emotional attachment. | c.) Sexual involvement. |
| Mr. Brown has asked his students to predict the impact that pulling American troops out of Afghanistan will have on the Middle East. His students have difficulty. What theorist's theory best explains the students' difficulties? a.) Piaget. b.) Vygotsky. | a.) Piaget. |
| Externally imposed reward systems seem particularly appropriate for students who are... a.) Interested in the subject. b.) Intrinsically motivated. c.) Not interested in the subject. d.) Self-motivated. | c.) Not interested in the subject. |
| Your adolescent son yells at you, "You can't understand me-no one knows how it feels to be me" This is an example of... a.) Invincible fable. b.) Imaginary audience. c.) Personal vanity. d.) Adolescent egocentricism. | d.) Adolescent egocentricism. |
| A large study of Americans' sexual activity by Michael et al found all of the following except a.) People are kinkier than expected. b.) Married couples have more sex. c.) Adultery is the exception, not the rule. d.) Men think of sex more than women. | a.) People are kinkier than expected. |
| What is the second largest cause of preventable death in the US? a.) Drinking. b.) Accidents. c.) Smoking. d.) Obesity. | d.) Obesity. |
| Feeling pride or shame for one's actions is likely to be felt most strongly in those who attribute their actions to... a.) External causes. b.) Internal causes. c.) Stable causes. d.) Unstable causes. | b.) Internal causes. |
| A heightened sense of self-consciousness, which can cause the adolescent to think he or she is the focus of everyone, is know as... a.) Imaginary audience. b.) Personal fable. c.) Personal vanity. d.) Auto-attentionalism. | a.) Imaginary audience. |
| For the students who misbehave, you give free time on the computer. For the students who misbehaved, you give them a difficult assignment. You provided a.) Positive reinforcement, negative punishment. b.) Positive reinforcement, positive punishment. | b.) Positive reinforcement, positive punishment. |
| When students encounter only one method of understanding complex content, it is important for the teacher to... a.) Have students engage in cooperative learning activities. b.) Use different analogies, examples, and metaphors. | b.) Use different analogies, examples, and metaphors. |
| Of Marcia's four identity statuses, which one is characterized as having no crisis and making a commitment? a.) Achievement. b.) Diffusion. c.) Foreclosure. d.) Moratorium. | c.) Foreclosure. |
| Researchers suggest that the idealism found in Piaget's formal operations declines in young adults and is replaced by post-formal thought. Post-formal thought is characterized by... a.) Rationality. b.) Reflective, relativistic, and contextual thought. | b.) Reflective, relativistic, and contextual thought. |
| Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior exemplifies... a.) Positive reinforcement. b.) Negative reinforcement. c.) Positive punishment. d.) Negative punishment. | b.) Negative reinforcement. |
| In identifying marsupials, a student excludes the koala, thinking it is a cuddly little bear. With regard to the marsupial category, what has taken place? a.) Overgeneralization. b.) Subsumption. c.) Undergeneralization. | c.) Undergeneralization. |
| Which of the following is expected to occur during one's thirties? a.) Greater muscle tone and strength. b.) Sagging chin and protruding abdomen. c.) Radical changes in the sensory system. d.) Decrease the body's fatty tissue. | b.) Sagging chin and protruding abdomen. |
| rain researchers conducted fMRI's on convicted murderers. Researchers found that those who committed impulsive, unplanned murders had... a.) Smaller prefrontal cortexes. b.) Larger prefrontal cortexes. c.) Undeveloped Brocha's area. | a.) Smaller prefrontal cortexes. |
| Which of the following MOST accurately describes the situation for the kids of single teen moms? a.) They start out at higher physical risk but catch up. b.) They are born and remain at higher physical and educational risk. | b.) They are born and remain at higher physical and educational risk. |
| In discussing the concept of "fruit" the teacher says "and fruits come in practically all colors" The teacher is identifying a(n)... a.) Critical attribute. b.) Irrelevant attribute. c.) Prototype. d.) Exemplar. | b.) Irrelevant attribute. |
| Brant counted the legs on a bug and came up with eight. He decided the bug was a spider because spiders have eight legs. His decision was based on what aspect of concept learning? a.) Algorithm. b.) Prototype. c.) Exemplar. d.) Critical attribute. | d.) Critical attribute. |
| Which one of the following statements is the most accurate definition of motivation? a.) An inner state that arouses, directs and maintains behavior. b.) An inner state that causes a person to initiate an action. | a.) An inner state that arouses, directs and maintains behavior. |
| Identity foreclosure can take the form of... a.) Dropping out of school. b.) Refusing to vote. c.) Taking a career path very different from the suggestions of parents and counselors. d.) Joining a religious cult. | d.) Joining a religious cult. |
| To James Marcia, who expanded Erickson's stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion, an incoherent, disjointed sense of self is typical of... a.) Negative identity. b.) Identity foreclosure. c.) Identity diffusion. d.) Identity moratorium. | c.) Identity diffusion. |
| Compared to the behaviorist framework, the cognitive framework recognizes people as what type of learners? a.) Active. b.) Egocentric. c.) Passive. d.) Social. | a.) Active. |
| Studies of expertise have discovered that chess masters are superior to non-expert players in... a.) Conscious analytical thought. b.) Domain knowledge. c.) Random chess pattern recognition. d.) Recognition of meaningful chess patterns. | d.) Recognition of meaningful chess patterns. |
| Participation in a community of practice is emphasized by what theory of mind? a.) Cognitive. b.) Humanistic. c.) Constructivist. d.) Socioculturalist. | d.) Socioculturalist. |
| When thinking about science, what distinguishes adolescent from preadolescent reasoning? a.) Reasoning that is tied concretely tied to the situation. b.) Logical reasoning. c.) Recognition of alternative possibilities. d.) Real world problem. | c.) Recognition of alternative possibilities. |
| Alan's in his 30s and is lonely. He cannot keep a girlfriend and he has very few friends. He's experiencing the negative outcome of Erickson’s 6th stage: isolation. Make up a psycho-social history, using 3 of Erickson’s stages to explain. | 1.) Industry vs. Inferiority: Didn't make friends as a kid, maybe failed classes, so he feels inferior. 2.) 3.) |
| Identify three physical characteristics of the teenage brain. How and why do these changes impact teen behavior? | 1.) Brain grows from back to front: Develop amygdala before prefrontal cortex, so very emotional. 2.) Drop in dopamine: The "feel good" gene. So they will do anything to get it. 3.) Synaptic Bloom: New neural pathways to test out. |
| According to James Flynn, are you smarter than your grandparents? Why? Identify three ways in which your thinking is different than your grandparents. Give an example for each and tell why each type of thinking is important? | Yes. Technology. 1.) Accept hypothetical: "What if we went to the moon?" Allows us to think beyond. 2.) Abstraction with Logic: "All Men Created Equal" different now than back then. 3.) Scientific Classification: We have new classifications. |
| List the three steps of Bruner’s structure of knowledge. For each step give an example. | 1.) Enactive/Concrete: 3 books. 2.) Pictural vs Iconic: Picture of a book vs actually seeing a book. 3.) Abstract/Symbolic: Idea of multiplication by using the equation 3 × 4 = 12, rather than needing to physically group books. |
| According to psychologist Meg Jay, the twenties are one’s defining decade. Why? What are three actions Meg suggest twenty-somethings do? What result is each action meant to have? | 80% of major decisions made before 35. 1.) Strengthen weak ties: Reach beyond your inner circle. 2.) Build Identity Capital: Destine yourself for what you want to become. 3.) Work on marriage before you get married. |
| What is multiple representation? Give an example of a concept with two representations. Provide three reasons why multiple representations are important for conceptual learning. | Multiple ways to represent knowledge/info. Positive and negative numbers: Sea level/ money. 1.) Some people don't understand one thing, while others do. 2.) Don't over or undergeneralize: each has pros/cons. 3.) Simple example and challenging example. |
| The most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is a.) Graduating college. b.) Getting a full-time job. c.) Moving out of your parent's house. d.) Getting married. | b.) Getting a full-time job. |
| Peak physical performance is typically reached in a.) Early adulthood. b.) Early adolescence. c.) In late adolescence. d.) At different times, depending on the activity. | a.) Early adulthood. |
| How well do college students use their knowledge about health and well being? a.) They are well informed and a majority use it to live healthily. b.) Although most are well informed, most don't apply it. | b.) Although most are well informed, most don't apply it. |
| Ali gives her students an outline for an essay in order to impact what type of cognitive load? a.) Intrinsic load. b.) Extrinsic load. c.) Extraneous load. d.) Germane load. | c.) Extraneous load. |
| Physical attractiveness in a relationship is MOST important to a.) Teens. b.) Men. c.) Women. d.) Adults in their twenties and thirties. | b.) Men. |
| With respect to gay relationships, researchers found that a.) These relationships are similar to heterosexual relationships in satisfactions, loves, and conflicts. b.) They're more open about expressing their love than their heterosexual counterparts. | a.) These relationships are similar to heterosexual relationships in satisfactions, loves, and conflicts. |
| What are the top three reasons couples fight? | Money, sex, and driving. |
| Being interested in the task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation? a.) Intrinsic. b.) Extrinsic. c.) State. d.) Trait. | a.) Intrinsic. |
| Which of the following perspectives would be most consistent with constructivists? a.) Be sure everyone has materials. b.) Expect everyone to process info differently. c.) Use memory tricks to make it simple. d.) Set up reinforcements and punishments. | b.) Expect everyone to process info differently. |
| In most humanistic theories, motivation is based on a.) Extrinsic rewards. b.) Intrinsic rewards. c.) Material wealth. d.) Social status. | b.) Intrinsic rewards. |
| Maslow's hierarchy must move from ____ to _____. | Bottom to top. |
| According to attribution theory, students who see their failure as internal and controllable will react by a.) Berating themselves. b.) Having anxiety. c.) Find other strategies to succeed. d.) Assume things will be better next time. | Both A and B. |
| The best single method for helping people to learn is to a.) Organize the material for them. b.) Make it meaningful. c.) Provide them with mnemonics. d.) Reinforce their learning with incentives and rewards. | b.) Make it meaningful. |
| Metacognition deals with knowledge about our own a.) Cognitive development. b.) Cognitive stages. c.) Memory capacities. d.) Thinking processes. | d.) Thinking processes. |
| Vygotsky's approach to learning is an example of what type of constructivism? a.) Both externally and internally directed. b.) Externally directed. c.) Internally directed. d.) Extrinsically directed. | a.) Both externally and internally directed. |
| Doug's family is poor and he goes to school without breakfast. He is failing, according to Maslow, because his ____ needs aren't being met. a.) Aesthetic. b.) Deficiency. c.) Growth. d.) Being. | b.) Deficiency. |
| The cognitive approach to motivation is show best by people who respond to a.) Events which make them feel fulfilled. b.) Events that have been rewarding in the past. c.) The objective worth or value of the event. d.) The perceptions of events. | a.) Events which make them feel fulfilled. |
| Allison says "I only got a B in math, but I didn't really try that hard. Allison is crediting the cause of her grade because a.) External, stable, controllable. b.) Internal, stable, uncontrollable. c.) Internal, unstable, uncontrollable. | c.) Internal, unstable, uncontrollable. |
| According to a cognitivist, students are primarily motivated by a(n) a.) Desire for gaining fulfillment for their accomplishments. b.) Desire to gain reinforcers for their behaviors. c.) Inherent need to understand what they're learning. | c.) Inherent need to understand what they're learning. |
| Taylor started a Girl Scout troop to help young girls with single parents. What stage is she most likely in? a.) Generativity. b.) Intimacy. c.) Identity achievement. d.) Integrity. | a.) Generativity. |
| Michael is an architect. Which type of intelligence does he have? a.) Spatial. b.) Musical. c.) Kinesthetic. d.) Naturalist. | a.) Spatial. |
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