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kaplanorgchem
DAT Kaplan OChem
Question | Answer |
---|---|
alkanes are the simplest organic molecules consisting of only ___ and ___ atoms held together by single bonds | carbon and hydrogen |
in IUPAC, common should be placed between __ | numbers |
in IUPAC, dashes should be placed between | words |
alkanes can form rings. they are names to the number of carbon atoms in the rings with the prefix ____ | cyclo |
alkenes uses the prefix ___- | -ene |
in alkenes, to identify the carbon backbone, the longest chain that contains the ____ bond. count from the lowest number to reach the double bond. | double |
alkenes vs alkanes. the difference between them is that alkenes contains a ____ bond | double |
vinyl derivatives are ____ ethylenes (ethenyl) | monosubsituted |
allyl derivatives are ____ substituted at the C3 position | propylenes |
Methylene refers to the ___ group | CH2 |
cycloalkenes are named like cycloalkanes but the suffix ____ rather than ____ | ene, anes |
if there is only ___ double bond and no other substituents a number is not necessary. | 1 |
alkynes are compounds that posses carbon carbon ___ bonds | 3x |
common name for ethyne is | acetylene |
halogen substituent are name so that the appendages are numbered and alphabetizes as ___ groups | alkyl |
haloalkane can be named | alkyl halide |
molecules with two hydroxyl groups are called | diols |
esthers are named with the prefix | alkoxy |
esthers contain ___ | oxygen |
three membered rings in ethers are known as | oxiranes/epoxides |
aldehydes are named accoridng to the longest chain containing aldehyde functional groups with the prefix | al |
ketones ends with prefix | -one |
carbocylic acids end with | oic and acid |
amines end in prefix | amine |
carboxylic acid | C=OOH |
Ester | C=OOC |
Acylc Halid | C=OX |
Nitrile/Cyandile | C-Triple bond-N |
Aldehyde | C=O-H |
Ketone | C=O-C |
cis means on the ___ side | same |
trans means on the ___ side | opposite |
the alkene called Z is when the two ___ priority substituents on each carbon lie on the same side of the double bond. | high |
higher the atomic number, the higher the ____ | prority |
If the two highest alkenes priority of then it will be known as ___. they lie on the opposite side of the double bond. | E |
when an object is not superimposable upon its mirror image it is known as a ___ | chiral center, like ur right and left hand putting in a glove. they are the same thing but different. |
Achiral means when objects are mirror images that can be ___. | superimposed. means they are identical. like AA |
chiral objects that are nonsuperimposable mirror images are known as | enantiomers |
if the asymmetric atom is clockwise it is known as | R |
if the asymmetric atom is counterclick it is known as | S |
horizonta lines come ___ of the page | out |
enantiomers has identical chemical and physical properties with one exception of ___ | optimal activity |
if plane polarized light is passed through an optically active compound, the orientation of the plane is rotated by an angle __- | alpha |
a compound that rotates the pane of the polarized light to the right or clockwise is _____ and indicated (+) | dextrorotatory |
a compound that rotates to plane of the polarized light to the left or counterclockwise is ____ and indicated by (-) | levoratory |
Specific rotation [alpha] = EQUATION | observered roration (alpha)/concentration (g/ml) x length (dm) |
racemix mixture is a mixture of equal concentrations of both ___ and ___ enantimoers | + and - |
Diastereomers are for any molecules with __ chiral centers | n |
Mirror images of each other are called | enantiomers |
stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are caleld | diastereomers |
Meso compounds are if a plane of symmetry exists which makes the molecule ___ optically active | not |
L-tartaric and D-tartaric acids ____ optically active | are |
L-tartaric acid is when the ___ is on top of the the __- | H; OH |
D-Tartaric acid is when the ___ is on top of the ___ | OH; H |
Conformational isomers are compounds that___ only by rotation about one or more single bonds | differ |
The most stable conformation is when the two methyl groups (C1 and C4) are oriented ___ degrees from each other | 180 |
180 degrees confirmation with no overlap of atoms is known as the ___ confirmation | staggered; anti-conformation |
gauche is when the two methyl groups are ___ degrees a part | 60 |
eclipse confirmation in which two methyl groups are ___ apart and overlap with the H atoms | 120 |
When the two methyl groups are overlapping each other its called a ___ | total eclipse and its in its higher energy state |
strain energies: angle strain results when bond angles deviate from their ___ values | ideal |
strain energies: ____ strain results when cyclic molecules must assume conformation that have eclipsed interactions | torsional strain |
nonbonded strains result when atoms or groups compete for the ___ space | same |
equatorial position is favored over the ___ position | axial because of the steric repulsion |
Boat cyclohexane, chair cyclohexane and twist boat confirmation. rank the most stable to least. | chair, boat, twist |
structural isomers are compounds that share the same ____ | molecular formula |
chiral means that at least one of its carbon must be ___ to four substituents | attached |
achrial means when the carbon are attached to | two or more identical groups |
the relative confirmation of a chiral molecule is its confirmation in relation to ___ chiral molecule | another |
the absolute configuration of a chiral molecule describes the ___ arrangement of these atoms or groups | spatial |
if a lower energy bonding orbital is produced, then the signs of the wave functions are the ___ | same |
if a higher energy orbital is produced, the signs are __ | different |
shorter single bonds are ____ than longer single bonds | stronger |
single bond order is a ____ bond | sigma |
single bond order has an angle of ___ and hybridization of ___ | 180; sp |
Double bond order has a ____ and ___ bond | 1 sigma and 1 pi |
double bond order has a hybridization of ___ | sp2 |
double bond order has an angle of __ | 120 |
triple bond order has an angle of __- | 109.5 |
triple bond order has ___ and ___ bond | 2 pi and 1 sigma |
triple bond order has a hybridization of __- | sp3 |
in alkanes, as the molecular weight increases and chain length increases then | increase in MP BP and Density |
in alkanes, increase in branching causes a | decrease in MP BP and Density |
initations have two dats on t he | right |
propagation has dots | equal on the right and left |
termination has two dots on the | left |
prolysis occurs when a molecule is broken down by | heat |
if the nucleophiles have the same attacking atom then the nucleophilicity is roughly correlated to ___ | basicity. stronger the base, stronger the nucleophile. |
best leaving groups in halogens start from the | bottom (strongest) to the top (weakest) |
best nucleophilic strengths are from the | top to the bottom |
for SN1 reactions, structural factors: highly substituted alkkyl halids allow for distribution of the positive charge over a greater number of carbon atoms, TF | True |
IN SN1 rxn, solvent effects are where ___ polar solvents are better at surrounding and isolating ions that are less polar solvents. polar protic solvents such as water work best since solvation stabilizes intermediate state | Higher |
Nature of leaving group: ___ bases dissociate more easily from alkyl chain and thus make better leaving groups, increasing rate of carbocation formation | base |
SN1: the rate is ___ dependent on the concentration or the nature of the nucleophile | not |