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68WM6 Phase II Ch48
Cardio Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many gallons of blood does the heart produce every day? | 1000 gallons per day |
| how many times does the heart beat per day? | 100,000 times per day |
| how far is blood transported in one day? | 60,000 miles per day |
| the mass of organs and tissues seperating the lungs containing the heart, the great vessels the traches and the esophagus | medistinum |
| wider part of the heart that lies superior and beneatht he second rib | base |
| narrow part of the heart that lies inferiorly and slightly to the left between the fifth and sixth ribs | apex |
| three layers of the heart? | pericardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| two layered, serous membrane that covers the total heart structure, the outermost layer of the heart | pericardium |
| bulk of the heart wall and the thickest and strongest layer of the heart compposed of cardiac muscle tissue | myocardium |
| innermost layer of the heart composed of a thin layer of conncective tissue, lines the interior of the heart, the valves, and the large vessels of the heart | endocardium |
| muscle that divides the heart into right and left halves | septum |
| four chambers of the heart | right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle |
| upper right chamber, recieves deoxygenated blood from the entire body | right atrium |
| returns the blood from the neck, head, arms, and trunk to the right atrium | superior vena cava |
| returns blood from the lower body, below the diaphragm into the right atrium | inferior vena cava |
| returns blood from the heart muscle | coronary sinus |
| lower right chamber of the heart, recieves deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, and pumps blood to lungs | right ventricle |
| how does blood go from the right venticle to the lungs, why | pulmonary artery, to make deoxygenated blood oxygenated |
| upper left chamber of the heart, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs | left atrium |
| how does blood go from the lungs to the left atrium? why | pulmonary vein, to bring back the oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs |
| lower left chamber of the heart, recieves oxygenated blood from the left atrium, thickest most muscular section of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body | left ventricle |
| how does blood go from the left ventricle to the rest of the body? | aorta |
| two seperate pumps of the heart? | left and right side pumps |
| recieves deoxygenated blood and pumps it to lungs | right side heart pump |
| recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body | left side heart pump |
| keep the blood moving forward and prevent backflow | valves |
| located between the atrium and ventricles | atrioventricular valves |
| located between the right atrium and right ventricle composed of threee flaps | tricuspid valve |
| loacted between the left atrium and right ventricle composed of two flaps | bicuspid or mitral valve |
| small cordlike structures that connect the AV valves to the walls of the heart | chordae tendineae |
| loacted in the walls of the ventricles and help make a tight seal with the valves | papillary muscles |
| located at the points where blood exits the ventricles | semilunar valves |
| located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| located between the left ventricle and the aorta | aortic semilunar valve |
| type of valves composed of three cusps that resemble a half moon | semilunar |
| inherent ability of the heart muscle to contract in a rhythmic pattern | automaticity |
| hearts ability to respond to a stimulus in the same way nerve cells do | irritability |
| located in the upper part of the right atrium, just beneath the opening of the superior vena cava, where the heartbeat is initiated, the pacemaker | SA node |
| regulates the beat of the heart | pacemaker |
| av node located in the base of the right atrium, slows impulses | AV node |
| group of conduction fibers that divides into right and left branches and eventually becomes purkinje fibers | bundle of his (AV) bundle |
| smaller branches which surrou the ndventricles causing the ventricles to contract | purkinje fibers |
| contraction | systole |
| relaxation | diastole |
| how long does the cardiac cycle take? | 0.8 seconds |
| what are the two heart sounds? | lubb, dubb |
| what are heart sounds caused by? | the closure of valves |
| long duration low pitch sounds produced by AV valve closure | lubb |
| short duration sharp sound produced by semilunar valve closure | dubb |
| swishing sound | murmur |
| rapid filling of the venticles or an abnormal condition produced by ineffective closure of the valves | muurmur |
| tiny blood vessels joining arterioles and venules | capillaries |
| large vessels carrying blood in a direction away from the heart | arteries |
| vessels that cinvey blood from the capillaries to the heart | veins |
| blood vessels of the smallest branch of the arterial circulation, delivers blood to the tissue | arterioles |
| 50,000 mile network withiin the tissue that allows exchanges of products and by-products between tissues and blood | capillaries |
| tiny veins that link with larger veins and return to the heart | venules |
| the largest artery of the body, the main trunk of the systematic arterial circulation | aorta |
| what size is the aorta? | 1in in diameter |
| what four parts is the aorta composed of? | the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic descending aorta, and the abdominal descending aorta |
| air sacs surrounded by microscopic capillaries, where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream | alveoli |
| provides a film record of heart size, shape, and position, outlines shadows, can show lung congestion, heart failure and pleural effusion | radiographic examination |
| action pictured radiograph allows observation of movement | fluroscopy |
| series of radiographs taken after injection of radiopaque dry into an artery, aids in diagnosis of vessel occlusion, pooling, and congenital abnormalities | angiogram |
| visualizes the abdominal aorta and the major leg arteries by use of dye injected through the femoral artery | aortogram |
| invasive procedure used to visualize the hearts chambers, valves, great vessels, and coronary arteries | cardiac catheterization |
| used to measure pressure within the heart, blood volume vs cardiac competence, valve defects arterial occlusion, congenital abnormalitites, and allows for a blood sample | cardiac catheterization |
| what allergy should be considered with cardiac cath? | iodine: its used as the injectable radiopaque dye in cardiac catheterization |
| what position is a patient recieving cardiac cath placed in? | supine, with a sandbag as a pressure dressing |
| study of the electrical activity of the myocardium to determine transmission of cardiac impulses through muscle/tissue conduction | electrocardiogram (ECG) |
| when the heart relaxes | repolarization |
| when the heart contracts | depolarization |
| depolarizatio of the atria | P Wave |
| represents the depolarization of the ventricles | QRS complex |
| repolarization of the ventricles | T wave |
| how many electrodes does a standarc ECG have, where do they go? | 6 chest, 4 limbs |
| what position is a patient placed in for an ECG? | supine |
| receords the energy wave of each heartbeat through a vibrating needle on a graph | ECG |
| who can interpret an ECG? | cardiologist |
| used to monitor heart rhythm over prolonged periods of time, 12, 24, 48hrs | ambulatory ECG |
| small portable recorder attatched to the patient by one to four leads, with a two pound tape recorder carried by belt or shoulder strap | Holter monitor |
| electronic transmission of data to a distant location, sends radio signal to a reciever | telemetry |
| usually a critiacal care unit that monitors a pt on another ward or floor who is hooked to an ambulatory ECG or Halter | home unit |
| what two things are regularly recommended when using Holter devices? | change the electrodes frequently and use a battery tester |
| can you remove the Holter to let a patient shower? | never without a doctors orders |
| a labratory test in which a pt preforms prescribed exercises such as treadmills, stair climbing, aerobic exercise, used to evaluate ischemia, dysrhythmia, and cardiac capacity under extremes | extercise/stress ECG |
| what can be done if a pt cannot tolerate a stress test? | administering persantine or adenosine to mimic tha patients hear tunder stress |
| intracellular ion actively transported into cells, used to show ischemic "cold spots" in portions of the heart not adequatley perfusing | thallium 201 |
| used instead of thallium, helps minimize the artifact caused by women with lots of breast tissue | technetium 99m sestamibi |
| uses high frequency ultrasound to detect heart size, shape, and position of cardiac structures | echocardiography |
| , used to detect pericardial effusion, venticular function, chamber size and shape, ventricular muscle, septal motion, cardiac output, tumors, valve function, and congenital heart disorder | echo |
| colelction of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac | pericardial effusion |
| computerized radiographic technique that uses inhaled or injected radioactive substances to examine metabolic activity of body structures and treat cardiac disease | Positron emission tomography (PET) |
| how does PET work when looking at the heart? | distinguishes between viable and nonviable myocardial tissue allowing doctors to determine most appropriate candidates for bypass surgery |
| what testing is used to diagnose infective endocarditis? | blood cultures |
| determination of the number of white and red blood cells per cubic millimeter as well as white blood cell differential, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit | Complete Blood Count CBC |
| what does elevated white blood cell counts indicate? | infection or inflammation |
| leukocyte | white blood cell |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell |
| what does a low red blood cell count indicate? | that the body is compensating for chronic hypoxemia |
| an abnormal deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood | hypoxemia |
| abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood | polycythemia |
| used to monitor a patient receiving anticoagulant drug therapy, usually MI pts | coagulation studies |
| restoration of the hearts normal sinus rhythm by delivering a synchronized electric shock through two medal paddles | cardioversion |
Created by:
ahughes0919
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