Cardio Disorders
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| how many gallons of blood does the heart produce every day? | 1000 gallons per day
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| how many times does the heart beat per day? | 100,000 times per day
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| how far is blood transported in one day? | 60,000 miles per day
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| the mass of organs and tissues seperating the lungs containing the heart, the great vessels the traches and the esophagus | medistinum
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| wider part of the heart that lies superior and beneatht he second rib | base
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| narrow part of the heart that lies inferiorly and slightly to the left between the fifth and sixth ribs | apex
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| three layers of the heart? | pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| two layered, serous membrane that covers the total heart structure, the outermost layer of the heart | pericardium
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| bulk of the heart wall and the thickest and strongest layer of the heart compposed of cardiac muscle tissue | myocardium
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| innermost layer of the heart composed of a thin layer of conncective tissue, lines the interior of the heart, the valves, and the large vessels of the heart | endocardium
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| muscle that divides the heart into right and left halves | septum
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| four chambers of the heart | right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
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| upper right chamber, recieves deoxygenated blood from the entire body | right atrium
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| returns the blood from the neck, head, arms, and trunk to the right atrium | superior vena cava
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| returns blood from the lower body, below the diaphragm into the right atrium | inferior vena cava
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| returns blood from the heart muscle | coronary sinus
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| lower right chamber of the heart, recieves deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, and pumps blood to lungs | right ventricle
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| how does blood go from the right venticle to the lungs, why | pulmonary artery, to make deoxygenated blood oxygenated
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| upper left chamber of the heart, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs | left atrium
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| how does blood go from the lungs to the left atrium? why | pulmonary vein, to bring back the oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
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| lower left chamber of the heart, recieves oxygenated blood from the left atrium, thickest most muscular section of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body | left ventricle
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| how does blood go from the left ventricle to the rest of the body? | aorta
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| two seperate pumps of the heart? | left and right side pumps
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| recieves deoxygenated blood and pumps it to lungs | right side heart pump
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| recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body | left side heart pump
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| keep the blood moving forward and prevent backflow | valves
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| located between the atrium and ventricles | atrioventricular valves
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| located between the right atrium and right ventricle composed of threee flaps | tricuspid valve
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| loacted between the left atrium and right ventricle composed of two flaps | bicuspid or mitral valve
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| small cordlike structures that connect the AV valves to the walls of the heart | chordae tendineae
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| loacted in the walls of the ventricles and help make a tight seal with the valves | papillary muscles
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| located at the points where blood exits the ventricles | semilunar valves
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| located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery | pulmonary semilunar valve
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| located between the left ventricle and the aorta | aortic semilunar valve
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| type of valves composed of three cusps that resemble a half moon | semilunar
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| inherent ability of the heart muscle to contract in a rhythmic pattern | automaticity
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| hearts ability to respond to a stimulus in the same way nerve cells do | irritability
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| located in the upper part of the right atrium, just beneath the opening of the superior vena cava, where the heartbeat is initiated, the pacemaker | SA node
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| regulates the beat of the heart | pacemaker
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| av node located in the base of the right atrium, slows impulses | AV node
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| group of conduction fibers that divides into right and left branches and eventually becomes purkinje fibers | bundle of his (AV) bundle
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| smaller branches which surrou the ndventricles causing the ventricles to contract | purkinje fibers
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| contraction | systole
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| relaxation | diastole
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| how long does the cardiac cycle take? | 0.8 seconds
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| what are the two heart sounds? | lubb, dubb
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| what are heart sounds caused by? | the closure of valves
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| long duration low pitch sounds produced by AV valve closure | lubb
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| short duration sharp sound produced by semilunar valve closure | dubb
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| swishing sound | murmur
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| rapid filling of the venticles or an abnormal condition produced by ineffective closure of the valves | muurmur
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| tiny blood vessels joining arterioles and venules | capillaries
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| large vessels carrying blood in a direction away from the heart | arteries
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| vessels that cinvey blood from the capillaries to the heart | veins
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| blood vessels of the smallest branch of the arterial circulation, delivers blood to the tissue | arterioles
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| 50,000 mile network withiin the tissue that allows exchanges of products and by-products between tissues and blood | capillaries
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| tiny veins that link with larger veins and return to the heart | venules
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| the largest artery of the body, the main trunk of the systematic arterial circulation | aorta
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| what size is the aorta? | 1in in diameter
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| what four parts is the aorta composed of? | the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic descending aorta, and the abdominal descending aorta
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| air sacs surrounded by microscopic capillaries, where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream | alveoli
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| provides a film record of heart size, shape, and position, outlines shadows, can show lung congestion, heart failure and pleural effusion | radiographic examination
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| action pictured radiograph allows observation of movement | fluroscopy
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| series of radiographs taken after injection of radiopaque dry into an artery, aids in diagnosis of vessel occlusion, pooling, and congenital abnormalities | angiogram
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| visualizes the abdominal aorta and the major leg arteries by use of dye injected through the femoral artery | aortogram
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| invasive procedure used to visualize the hearts chambers, valves, great vessels, and coronary arteries | cardiac catheterization
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| used to measure pressure within the heart, blood volume vs cardiac competence, valve defects arterial occlusion, congenital abnormalitites, and allows for a blood sample | cardiac catheterization
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| what allergy should be considered with cardiac cath? | iodine: its used as the injectable radiopaque dye in cardiac catheterization
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| what position is a patient recieving cardiac cath placed in? | supine, with a sandbag as a pressure dressing
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| study of the electrical activity of the myocardium to determine transmission of cardiac impulses through muscle/tissue conduction | electrocardiogram (ECG)
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| when the heart relaxes | repolarization
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| when the heart contracts | depolarization
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| depolarizatio of the atria | P Wave
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| represents the depolarization of the ventricles | QRS complex
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| repolarization of the ventricles | T wave
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| how many electrodes does a standarc ECG have, where do they go? | 6 chest, 4 limbs
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| what position is a patient placed in for an ECG? | supine
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| receords the energy wave of each heartbeat through a vibrating needle on a graph | ECG
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| who can interpret an ECG? | cardiologist
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| used to monitor heart rhythm over prolonged periods of time, 12, 24, 48hrs | ambulatory ECG
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| small portable recorder attatched to the patient by one to four leads, with a two pound tape recorder carried by belt or shoulder strap | Holter monitor
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| electronic transmission of data to a distant location, sends radio signal to a reciever | telemetry
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| usually a critiacal care unit that monitors a pt on another ward or floor who is hooked to an ambulatory ECG or Halter | home unit
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| what two things are regularly recommended when using Holter devices? | change the electrodes frequently and use a battery tester
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| can you remove the Holter to let a patient shower? | never without a doctors orders
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| a labratory test in which a pt preforms prescribed exercises such as treadmills, stair climbing, aerobic exercise, used to evaluate ischemia, dysrhythmia, and cardiac capacity under extremes | extercise/stress ECG
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| what can be done if a pt cannot tolerate a stress test? | administering persantine or adenosine to mimic tha patients hear tunder stress
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| intracellular ion actively transported into cells, used to show ischemic "cold spots" in portions of the heart not adequatley perfusing | thallium 201
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| used instead of thallium, helps minimize the artifact caused by women with lots of breast tissue | technetium 99m sestamibi
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| uses high frequency ultrasound to detect heart size, shape, and position of cardiac structures | echocardiography
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| , used to detect pericardial effusion, venticular function, chamber size and shape, ventricular muscle, septal motion, cardiac output, tumors, valve function, and congenital heart disorder | echo
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| colelction of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac | pericardial effusion
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| computerized radiographic technique that uses inhaled or injected radioactive substances to examine metabolic activity of body structures and treat cardiac disease | Positron emission tomography (PET)
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| how does PET work when looking at the heart? | distinguishes between viable and nonviable myocardial tissue allowing doctors to determine most appropriate candidates for bypass surgery
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| what testing is used to diagnose infective endocarditis? | blood cultures
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| determination of the number of white and red blood cells per cubic millimeter as well as white blood cell differential, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit | Complete Blood Count CBC
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| what does elevated white blood cell counts indicate? | infection or inflammation
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| leukocyte | white blood cell
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| erythrocyte | red blood cell
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| what does a low red blood cell count indicate? | that the body is compensating for chronic hypoxemia
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| an abnormal deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood | hypoxemia
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| abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood | polycythemia
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| used to monitor a patient receiving anticoagulant drug therapy, usually MI pts | coagulation studies
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| restoration of the hearts normal sinus rhythm by delivering a synchronized electric shock through two medal paddles | cardioversion
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