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Chabner Ch10 Vocabul
Nervous System- Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells. |
| afferent nerve | carries message toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve). afferent comes from af- (a form of ad-, meaning toward) and -ferent (meaning carrying). |
| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. the Greek arachne means spider. |
| astrocyte | type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries. |
| autonomic nervous system | nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
| axon | microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell. |
| blood-brain barrier | blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out. |
| brainstem | lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata. |
| cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord. |
| cell body | part of nerve cell that contains the nucleus. |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and the spinal cord. |
| cerebellum | posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance. |
| cerebral cortex | outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain. |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord. |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. |
| cranial nerves | twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and nexk (except the vagus nerve). |
| dendrite | microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse. |
| dura mater | thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. latin for "hard mother". |
| efferent nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve. |
| ependymal cell | glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid. |
| ganglion pl- ganglia | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. |
| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nerves impulses. examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. |
| gyrus pl-gyri | sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution. |
| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalmus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland. |
| medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal |
| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| microglial cell | phagocytic glial cell that removes wastes products from the the central nervous system. |
| motor nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve. |
| myelin sheath | covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons. |
| nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses. |
| neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body. |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. it stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotinin. |
| oligodendroglial cell | glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. also called oligodendroctye. |
| parasympathetic nerves | involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions |
| parenchyma | essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or organ system. the parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. |
| peripheral nervous system | nervous outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves. |
| pia mater | thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges. |
| plexus pl- plexuses | large, interlacing network of nerves. examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial (brachi/o means arm)plexuses. the |
| pons | part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain (latin pons means bridge). it is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain. |
| receptor | organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. the skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors. |
| sciatic nerve | nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve. |
| sensory nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve. |
| spinal nerves | thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. |
| stimulus pl-stimuli | agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. |
| stroma | connective and supporting tissue of an organ. glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain. |
| sulcus pl-sulci | depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure. |
| sympathetic nerves | autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in time of stress. |
| synapse | space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. from the Greek synapsis, a point of contact. |
| thalamus | main relay center of the brain. it conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum. latin thalamus means room. |
| vagus nerve | tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi,lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. "wanders" into the abdominal and thoracic cavities. |
| ventricles of the brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. |
| absence seizure | minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings. |
| aneurysm | enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke). |
| astroctyoma | malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells). |
| aura | peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure. |
| dementia | mental decline and deterioration. |
| demyeination | destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis). |
| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease. |
| embolus | Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel. |
| gait | manner of walking. |
| ictal event | pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsion of an epileptic seizure. |
| occlusion | blockage. |
| palliative | relieving symptoms but not curing them. |
| thymectomy | removal of the thymus gland ( a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis. |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack. |
| tic | involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of Tourette syndrome. |
| tonic-clonic seizure | major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements. |
Created by:
mahepath
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