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Nervous system ch9
chabner ch9 words
| Word | definition |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells. |
| Afferent nerve | Carries nervous impulses toward the brain and spinal cord; sensory nerve. |
| Akinetic | Pertaining to loss or absence of voluntary movement. |
| Analgesia | Absence of sensitivity to pain. |
| Anencephaly | Congenital condition of partial or complete absence of brain matter. |
| Anesthesia | Lack of feeling or sensation |
| Aphasia | Inability to speak; language function is impaired due to injury to the cerebral cortex. |
| Apraxia | Inability to perform purposeful acts or manipulate objects |
| Arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| Astrocyte | Glial (neuroglial) cell that transports salts and water from capillaries |
| Ataxia | Without coordination |
| Autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
| Axon | Microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell. |
| Blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels that let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out. |
| Bradykinesia | Slow movement. |
| Brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. |
| Cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord. |
| Causalgia | Intensely unpleasant burning pain in a limb following damage to nerves. |
| Cell body | Part of the nerve cell (neuron) that contains the nucleus. |
| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord. |
| Cephalgia | Head pain; headache |
| Cerebellar | Pertaining to the cerebellum |
| Cerebellopontine | Pertaining to the cerebellum and pons. |
| Cerebellum | Part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance. |
| Cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Clear, watery fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord. |
| Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory, among other functions. |
| Coma | State of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused. |
| Comatose | Pertaining to a coma. |
| Cranial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain. |
| Dendrite | Microscopic branching portion of a nerve cell; first part of the nerve cell to receive the nervous impulse. |
| Dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
| Dyskinesia | Impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements. |
| Dyslexia | Difficulty in reading, writing, and learning |
| Efferent nerve | Carries messages away from the brain the spinal cord; motor nerve. |
| Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain. |
| Encephalopathy | Disease of the brain |
| Ependymal cell | A glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Epidural hematoma | Collection of blood located above the dura mater |
| Ganglion | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system; plural is ganglia. |
| Glial cell | Nervous system cell that is supportive and connective in function: Astrocyte, microglial cell, ependymal cell. |
| Glioblastoma | Rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain. |
| Gyrus, gyri | Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebrum. |
| Hemiparesis | Slight paralysis of the right or left half of the body |
| Hemiplegia | Paralysis of the right or left half of the body |
| Hypalgesia | Diminished sensitivity to pain. |
| Hyperesthesia | Excessive sensitivity or feeling, especially of the skin in response to touch or pain. |
| Hyperkinesis | Excessive movement |
| Hypothalamus | Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland. |
| Intrathecal | Pertaining to within the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
| Leptomeningeal | Pertaining to the two thinner membranes (arachnoid membrane and pia mater) surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| Medulla oblongata | Lower part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord; controls breathing heartbeat, and size of blood vessels. |
| Meningeal | Pertaining to the meninges |
| Meninges | Three membranes surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. |
| Meningioma | Tumor (benign) of the meninges |
| Microglial cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system. |
| Motor nerve | Carries impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles. |
| Myelin sheath | Fatty, white covering over the axon of a nerve cell. |
| Myelogram | X-ray record (with contrast) of the spinal cord |
| Myelomeningocele | Congenital hernia (protrusion) of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect (gap) in the vertebral column. This defect is often associated with spina bifida. |
| Myoneural | Pertaining to muscle and nerve. |
| Narcolepsy | Sudden seizures of sleep |
| Nerve | Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses. |
| Neuralgia | Nerve pain |
| Neurasthenia | Lack of strength in nerves; a feeling of weakness and exhaustion |
| Neuroglia | Supporting cells (stroma) of the nervous system; glial cells. |
| Neuron | Nerve cell |
| Neuropathy | Disease of nerves; primarily in the peripheral nervous system. |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. |
| Oligodendroglial cell | Glial (neuroglial) cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axon of a neuron. |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower part of the body and both legs. |
| Parasympathetic nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Parenchyma | Essential, functioning cells of any organ. Neurons (nerve cells) are the parenchyma of the nervous system. |
| Paresis | Slight paralysis |
| Paresthesia | Abnormal nervous sensation occurring without apparent cause. Examples are tingling, numbness or prickling sensations. |
| Peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves. |
| Pia mater | Thin, delicate, innermost membrane of the meninges. |
| Plexus | Network of nerves outside of the central nervous system; brachial, cervical, lumbosacral plexuses are examples. |
| Poliomyelitis | Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord |
| Polyneuritis | Inflammation of many nerves |
| Pons | Part of the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum, between the medulla and the rest of the brain. The pons connects the upper and lower portions of the brain. |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs; both arms and both legs |
| Radiculitis | Inflammation of a spinal nerve root. |
| Radiculopathy | Disease of a spinal nerve root |
| Receptor | Organ that receives nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves that carry the stimulation to the brain and spinal cord; skin, ears, eyes and taste buds |
| Sciatic nerve | Extends from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain along the course of the nerve |
| Sensory nerve | Carries messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve |
| Spinal nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin. |
| Stimulus | Agent of change (light, sound, touch) that evokes a response. |
| Stroma | Connective and supportive tissue of an organ. |
| Subdural hematoma | Collection of blood in the space below the dura mater surrounding the brain. |
| Sulcus, sulci | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure. |
| Sympathetic nerves | Autonomic nerves that activate responses in times of stress; heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure are affected. |
| Synapse | Space between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscle and glandular cells. |
| Syncopal | Pertaining to syncope (fainting). |
| Syncope | Fainting; temporary loss of consciousness. |
| Thalamic | Pertaining to the thalamus |
| Thalamus | Main relay center of the brain; located in the central region or diencephalon of the brain. |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | Flashes of stab like pain along the course of a branch of the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve). The trigeminal nerve has branches to the eye, upper jaw and lower jaw |
| Vagal | Pertaining to the vagus nerve |
| Vagus nerve | Tenth cranial nerve with branches to the chest and abdominal organs |
| Ventricles of the brain | Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) filled canals in the brain. |
Created by:
jcooper
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