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Personality psych
Personality Psych, Study notes for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| scientific inference | The use of systematically gathered evidence to test theories |
| Correlation coefficient | A mathematical index of agreement or association between two measures |
| Personality psychology | The scientific study of the psychological forces that make people uniquely themselves. |
| Deductive approach | An approach to psychology in which the conclusions follow logically from the premises or assumptions |
| Inductive approach | An approach to psychology in which observations are systematically collected and concepts are developed on what the data reveal. |
| Psychoanalytic perspective | Attention to unconscious influences; importance of sexual drives even in nonsexual spheres |
| Neo-Analytic/Ego | Emphasis on the self as it struggles to cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside. |
| Biological | Focuses on tendencies and limits imposed by biological inheritance; can be easily combined with most other approaches |
| Behaviorist | Can force a more scientific analysis of the learning experiences that shape personality |
| Cognitive | Captures active nature of human thought; uses modern knowledge from cognitive psychology. |
| Trait | Good individual assessment techniques |
| Humanistic/Existential | Appreciates the spiritual nature of the person; emphasizes struggles for self-fulfillment and dignity |
| Interactionist | Understands that we are different selves in different situations |
| Relative self | The philosophical idea that there is no underlying self but that the true self is composed merely of masks |
| Charles Darwin 1859 | Published Origin of Species |
| Sigmund Freud 1900 | Published Interpretation of Dreams |
| Binet and Simon 1905 | first valid intelligence testing |
| Evolution | The theory in which individual characteristics that enable the organism to pass on gens to offspring become more prevalent in the population over generations |
| Nomotheic | Seeking to formulate laws |
| Idiographic | Involved in the study of individual cases |
| Authoritarian Personality | A person with anti-democratic tendencies; such a person tends to be narrow-minded, rigid, defensive, and tends to show prejudice against minority groups |
| Barnum effect | The tendency to believe in the accuracy of vague generalities about one's personality |
| Where does personality testing begin in 1917? | In the US army |
| Who founds behaviorism in 1919? | J.B. Watson |
| Who studies Gestalt Psychology in Berlin in the 1920's and flees Nazis to the US in 1933? | Kurt Lewin |
| Who develops motivational personology in the 1930's? | Henry Murray |
| Who studies personality cross-culturally in the 1930's? | Margaret Mead |
| What did Guilford, Cattel, and others refine in the 1940's? | Testing and factor analysis |
| Who founded humanistic psychology in the 1950's? | Rogers, Maslow, and Allport |
| In the 1970's classic theory fades and psychologists begin to study.... | multiple selves, self- monitoring, social self |
| When do the modern interactionist models emerge in personality psychology? | The 1980's |
| Who measured individual differences in the 1880's? | Francis Galton |
| Who studied the conditioning of the nervous system in 1906? | Ivan Pavlov |
| Who refined psychoanalysis from 1910 thru 1930? | Jung, Adler, Honey, and others |
| Who proposed trait theory in 1937? | Gordon Allport |
| When did existential philosophy take root in the U.S.? | In the 1940's |
| Objective assessment | Personality assessment that doesn't depend on interpretation by the individual making the assessment. |
| Subjective assessment | Personality assessment that relies on the interpretation of the person making the assessment. |
| Internal consistency | The degree of consistency between subparts or equivalent parts of a test. |
| Error Variance | variation of a measurement that are the result of irrelevant, chance fluctuations. |
| What are the 8 key aspects of personality? | Psychoanalytic, Neo-analytic/ego, biological, behaviorist, cognitive, trait and skill, humanistic, and interactionist |
| if you were learning about how you were affected by environmental contingencies, which aspect of personality would you be studying? | behaviorist |
| If you were learning about how you make meaning of your environment, which aspect of personality would you be studying? cognitive | Cognitive |
| If you were learning about drives and unconscious motivations to your actions, which aspect of personality would you be studying? | psychoanalytical |
| If you were learning about self-actualization, which aspect of personality would you be studying? | humanistic |
| If you were learning about ego and coping styles, which aspect of personality would you be studying? | neo- analytic/ego |
| You come home from school and realize someone has eaten your last bit of miso soup. You decide your dog ate the miso because you live alone—except for her—and the miso is missing. | deductive |
| You are going to run a personality study utilizing a group of people and looking at general principles. What kind of study is this? | nomothetic |
| You read your newspaper horoscope which suggests you are often kind, with occasional bouts of anger. You conclude this horoscope “completely gets you as a person.” You are under the influence of the: | Barnum effect |
| What is the definition of Personality Psychology? | The scientific study of psychological forces that make people uniquely themselves. |
| Name the three researchers behind modern personality theory, according to your text. | Gordon Allport, Kurt Lewin, and Henry Murray |
| The true self is comprised merely of masks, without an underlying self beneath. This sentence is a good definition for: | relative self |
| Which “human” personality traits are found reliably and commonly in many species of animals and show the strongest cross-species generality? | extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness |
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