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Micro TCN Excelsior

Microbiology The College Network Excelsior

Question	Answer
Microbiology is	the study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye (i.e., microorganisms)
Microorganisms studied are	viruses, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, and fungi
Biotechnology	uses microbes to solve biological probs, produce lrg. quanities of useful items, & degrade toxic materials
gene therapy	replace defective gene(s) with a "normal" one
scientific method-	refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
Hypothesis	An educated guess
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek-	1st to make a microscope and observe animalcules. 1670's. He was more interested ion microscopes.
Animalcules	tiny rapidly swimming (tiny animals)
Edward Jenner 1790's	performed 1st vaccination small Pox Vaccine
Ignaz Semmels or Sir Jospeh Lister	1850-Ignaz promoted hand washing. 15 yrs later- Joe started using antiseptics and disenfecants in surgery & on wounds.
Louis Pasteur "Father of Microbiology"	produced vaccines for anthrax & rabies & 1850's-1880's discovered micobes cause fermintation & that spontaneous generation was false
Spontaneous generation	Idea that microbes develop without any cellular parentage
Robert Koch	1870's Dev Koch postulates
Koch postulates	The need to satisfy 4 requir in order to establish that an organism is the cause of disease
Agar	gelatin-like solidifying agent used in laboratory culture media
pure culture	is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory conditions
Germ theroy of disease	Belief that microbes will grow in humans & are the cause of diseases that spread from person to person, town to town
Alex Fleming	early 20th century, Discovered agents that destroyed bacteria
Lysozyme enzyme	degrades bacterial cell walls
PCN	1st true antibiotic used to kill bacteria, gained popularity during WW 2
Bacteria differentiate bacterial types by a single gene variation Edit Nomenclature naming & classifying Edit taxonomy how many levels? naming & classifying of microbes	7 levels
levels of taxonomy	kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species
Binomial System 2 names	organism genus & species
Strain or Biovars (biological variants)	Organisms that have small differences but are still in the same genus & species
Serovars	similar organisms that differ immunologically
Strains	Any type of variation
Domain bacterial Kingdom divided into 2 domains	Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes	Pro-before Kary-nucleous,organisms have no nucleous-(Bacteria & Archae)
Eukaryotes	presence of true nucleus,everything else other than bacteria
Cyanobacteria colored bacteria	use sunlight to produce carbs & fix nitrogen from the air
Dark-field microscopy	Light is blocked out, so light reflected of the bacteria is seen
Staining improves	viablity, microbes seldom have color
Differential Staining Grams	stain uses 2 stains, causes diff types of bacteria to change into diff colors
Electron Microscopy, How many diff types	stain viruses with heavy metal & shine electrons on them, 2 types
transmission electron microscopy	the electrons pass thru the specimen, heavy metals pile up around the virus & scatter electrons& Leaves dark areas that reflect the outline, resolve down to 0point002
scanning electron microscopy	scattered electrons are detected & the objects surface is reconstructed by a computer& resolve to 0point02 microns
Medium	nutritious extract or mixture that will support the growth of microbes
polar	Positive charge at one end & negative charge at the other end
nonpolar	no charge
Acids	supply an excess of H+ ions
Bases	supply an excess of OH- ions
pH high	>8 basic
low	<6 acidic
neutral point	is 7
Macromolecules	large molecules
Proteins	a macromolecule functions-structural & transport
enzymes	are a majority of proteins,breakdown of food into smaller useful
Polysaccharides	A macromolecule, assembled by enzymes, Serve as structural function& provide strength
Nucleic Acid	A Macromolecule, a sugar-phosphate repeating structure
Codons	nucleic acis letter (3)
gene	A string of codons
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid	A nucleic acid, will always have equal numbers of A & T and equal numbers of C & G
RNA	ribonucleic acid
chromosome	1000s of genes that make up a single piece of double stranded DNA
adenine	always opposed to thymidine
cytosine	opposed to guanine
mRNA messengar RNA	single stranded, has a sugar ribose, and has uridine, actual template for protein synthesis aka translation, the A,U,C,G's dont have to be equal
translation	protein synthesis
Lipids macromolecule	small & span the membrane of every cell,they provide a non polar boundry- keep contents in & keep unwanted material out
Sterols	a type of lipid useful as targets for antibiotic therapy of fungi because fungal & animal lipids vary
Cholesterol	contained by animl cells
Ergosterols	contained by fungi cells
How many bases of RNA are required to code for one amino acid	3
Major component used in baterial classification & identification	apperance
coccus	spherical shape
bacillus	rod shaped
spirochete	helical cell
comma shaped	vibrio
mono	single
diplo	two linked cells
tetra	four linked cells
strepto	means chain of cells
staphylo	means a cluster of cells organized like a cluster of grapes
organelles membrane	bound sacks that are smaller than a cell. Bacteria has none.
Bacteria replication & transcription occur	in cytoplasm
cytoplasmic membrane aka cell or plasma membrane	a structure that defines inside & outside
cell wall	Bacterias have these layers that confers rigidity & shape to the bacteria.
active transport	pumping mechanism that runs the cells energy resources.
plasmids	small pieces of DNA that often carry genes for highly specialized functions, for example, they may code for resistance to some commonly used antibiotics.
ribosomes	are the enzymes that perform translation, do vary between bacteria & eukaryotes.
granules aka inclusions	contained by many bacteria in the cytoplasm. usually provide an energy source.
peptidoglycan PG	a polysaccharide called glycan that is cross-linked to other polysaccharide molecules by short peptide bridges.
lysis	bacteria with damaged cell walls literally explode
capsule aka glycocalyx	a covering, usually a polysaccharide.
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	a presence or type of capsule
cell envelope	all of the covering layers of a bacterium.
spores aka endospores	grow inside of the cell (spores)
proteinaceous	flagella organelle of motility
filament	major part of a flagellum. contains flagellin.
flagellin	long helical structures made of polymerized protein
filament	major part of flagellum. shaped like corkscrew & are normally longer than the entire cell.
Flagellin	long, helical structures made of polymerized protein.
hook	can bend, like universal joint
basal body hook is attached to this	. 2 to 4 rings mounted on a rod that secure the flagellum to the cell envelope.
chemotaxis	when bacteria is moving toward or away from something
random-biased walk	bacteria tries different random directions & only go a significant distance when they like what's happening.
pili (sex pilus) aka fimbriae	hairlike appendages on the external surface of bacteria independant of flagella.
fimbriae how many?	ans more specifically means seen in 100s per cell. attachment factors or holdfasts
colony	microbes that grow into visible clump of cells
Gram stain	differentiate between positive & negative
gram positive	bacteria w/ 2 layered cell envelopes
gram negative	bacteria with 3 layered cell envelopes, which is unique
Lps	is important to bacterial pathogens in escaping the hosts immune system
lipid	a aka endotoxin is a potent inducer of inflammatory reactions.
strepto	in chains like a necklace
staphylo	clustered like grapes
tetra	linking in fours
diplo	linking in cells of two
pleomorphic	can be more than shape
2 biologically active items that destroy a cell wall	lysozyme & PCN

Nuclei	the defining chara. of a eukaryote
mitochondria	energy production
endoplasmic reticulum	for the translation of proteins
golgi apparatus	for packaging material to be secreted
vacuoles	for food or storage
Bulk transport eukaryotes have this	an additional type of transport.
endocytosis	engulf a large molecule
exocytosis	secrete whole antibody molecules.
vesicle	a small membrane sac
ligand	general term for any type of molecule that a receptor binds to.
phagocytosis	one form of endocytosis. cell eating, useful for ridding the cell of debris
pseudopodia	false foot
lysosomes	digestive organelles filled with toxic chemicals & degradative enzymes.
phagocytes	one group of WBCs that travel to all parts of the body to clean up any problems.
Fungi	make up a large kingdom Eukaryotes and break down organic material into forms that are reuseable by other living things.
heterotrophic	fungi are this. cuz they use organic material made by other cells
symbiotic	some fungi are..this cuz they obtain nutrients from living cells without harming them
saprobes	most fungi are this cuz they obtain nutrients from dead organic material
fungi are generally classified	as molds, yeasts, or mushrooms
yeasts grow	as single roundish cells
molds grow	in hyphae, long chains
hyphae	"web". molds grow like this- in long chains of connected cells
hypae are divided	into 2 classes septate & aseptate
septate	cross walls separarting individual cells
Mycelia	fuzzy masses of hypae (mold)
Ergosterol	major lipid of fungi. humans have cholesterol
Chitlin	Polysaccharide that most fungi cells are made of.
3 groups of the kingdom of Protista	alage, protozoa, & slime molds
Algae	unicellular, can grow in large groups
Protozoa	unicellular, lack photosynthetic ability & use their organellas for moving & food gathering
Slime molds	grow on dead material & produce spores, some have flagella or pseudopodia (false feet)
Protozoan moves via	flagella, cillia, pseudopodia
Algaes role in marine life	use sun's energy to make organic material and oxygen. Are primary food source for ocean cretures
Algal cells are made of	cellulose
Algae obtains and uses sunlight via	through chlorophyll
protozoans classified & identified	via of the way they move and their locomation apparatus
cellular vs acellular	group of individual cells / plasmodium, a giant cell containing many nuclei
vector	carriers of pathogens, ie lice, mites, ticks, mosquitos
a pathogen to be transmitted via mosquito	pathogen must migrate to the salivary gland and replicate there.
tick-dermacentor andersoni	transmits rickettsia which causes Rocky mountain fever
Ixodes scapularis tick	transmits Borrelia burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease
Obligate intracellular parasites	incapable of replicating outside of a host-viruses
bacterial viruses	bacteriophages or just phages
viruses	THE simplest ORGANISIMS ON EARTH, defined as living cuz they replicate
bacteriophage penetrate	hosts walls via neddle like tube-they use this tube to propel and inject their nucleic acid
Capsomere	a viral protein that forms the coat around the viral nucleic acid
Capsid	protein shell made of capsomeres
nucleocapsid	capsid covering plus the nucleic acid
envelope	an additional covering made of membrane fromthe host cell & viral protein
virion	an intact viral particle with its appropriate coating layers
icosahedron	20 identical sides
envelope parts come from	membrane from host & attachment proteins are from the virus
7 steps in human virus	attachment, penetration, uncoating, nucleic acid replication, protein synthesis, self-assembly, release
prions	smallest replicating agents, have no DNA or RNA
kuru aka Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease	disease in which shaking occurs, tribes ate infected brain
scrapie	Kuru in sheep, cause it makes then scrap all their hide off
encephalopathy	prions folded protein destroys the hosts brain
Acidophiles	Bacteria that grow in acidic enviroments.
aerobes	Bacteria that grows in oxygen
alkalophiles	Bacteria that grows in alkaline enviroments
anaerobes	Bacteria that grows without the presence oxygen
antagonism	a mutual harmful relationship between organisms
autotrophs	Bacteria and other organisms that can use carbon dioxide from the air as a source of carbon.
auxotrophs	bacteria with mutations that disallow them from making a given vitamin, they acquire them from hosts
Carbon	Most abudant elemant in cells.
hetertrophs	require their carbon source in an organic form (sugar/aminao acid)
Fastidious organisms	organisms that require vitamins or similar nutrients
photoautotrophs	bacteria that is photosynthetic & can use energy in light
Halophiles	bacteria that can grow in high salt conditions
methanogens	bacteria that gets their energy from carbon dioxide & hydrogen to produce methane gas
chemoautotrophs	use minerals & gases from the sir, & derive energy from chemicals found in rocks.
liquid media	broth
to solidify miquid media	add agar
synthetic or defined media	bacterial culture that consists of media of known chemicals (ie sugar, vitamins)
brain-heart infusion broth	nonsynthetic or compulsive media
if we know what nutrients are needed & can add them to the heart-brain infusion	enriched medium
bood agar	medium generally used for the isolation of human pathogens from body sites,ex throat. (We add blood to the brain-heart medium if we don't know what nutrients are needed.
selective media	media allows certain kinds of bacteria to grow while not letting the other bacteria(s) grow.
differental media	allows different types of organisms, but colonies of one type of organism are differentiated by the color they produce as they metabolize the sugar.
bacteria to be identified	must be isoloated
brownian motion	molecules are always bouncing around off one another in this process
hydrostatic/osmotic pressure	pressure d/t h20 trying to reduce the chemical gradient
aerobes	bacteria grows in the presence of o2
Obligated aerobes	absolutely require o2 to grow in (baceris)
anaerobes	absenence of air-bacteria grows
facultative anaerobes	with or w/o o2 bacteria grows in
microaerophiles	require reduced o2 bacteria grows in
acidophilles	acidic enviroment bacteria grow
alkalophiles	bacteria that can grow in alkaline enviroments (high pH)
bacteria that can't grow w/o high concentration of salt	obligate halophiles
pshychrophiles	cold
mesophiles	warm (human pathogens)
thermophile	hot
extreme thermophile	boiling
can't grow but don't die @ high temp for short period of time	thermoduric
Synergism	Symbiotic relationship. Total growth of 2 or more arganisms is better than if they had just grew alone by themselves.
Mutualistic	symbiotic relationship. when both organisms need each other to live.
Commensalism	symbiotic relatioonship. when organism A helps Organ. B. But Organ. A neither affected good or bad.
Parasitism	Symbiotic realtionship where one is getting hurt and the other is thriving.
Antagonism	Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are being hurt.
SIX most abudants elements in microbes	carbon, o2, nitrogen,hydrogen, phosphorus, & sulfar
SIX most abudant types of molecules in a living bacterium	h20,proteins,RNA,carbohydrates,lipids,DNA
Diffusion	Brownian motion, nutrient molecules are constantly moving, so they make contact w/bactrium.
Prevents a bacterial cell from rupturing	srength of the peptidoglycan
cell division & binary fisson	bacterial cells grow by dividing & forming 2 progeny cells that are equal to the original cell
generation	each division or doubling is called this
exponential growth	when bacteria double every constant period of time
lag phase	not moving. when placed from petri disk to broth. cells are adapting to the rich supply of nutrients in preparation of growth.30 to 60 minutes
log phase	second phase.cells start to multiply by doubling every approx 30 min. may be a few hours long but the time depends directly on nutrient availability
stationary phase	cells maintain cell number but aren't able to produce new cells or they are dying and replacing at the same rate.can be minutes to days this is due to nutrient depletion
decline phase or death phase	last phase. cuz the cells aren't receiving sufficient energy or nutrients to maintain viablity they die.
autolytic	they produce enzymes that cause their own lysis or breakdown
dilutions	this is how you can determine the number of viable cells in a culture.
akiquots	small samples of a culture
exponential growth	means that in every generation (or growth cycle) twice as many cells are formed.
CFU	colony forming unit. each viable cell that can grow into a colony on a petri dish
Turbidimetric assay	determines how many bacterial cells,living or dead, are present by use of a spectrophotometer. This number is different than CFU's because CFU only count viable cells.
anabolism	the use of energy & building blocks to make new cellular materials.
catabolism	hte breakdown of complex materials that use cells for making more cells
metabolism	all the chemical processes occurring in a cell
enzymes	protein catalysts that cells use to convert some molecules into others.
activation energy	refers to the amount of heat necessary to cause a chemical reaction.Enzymes can dramatically reduce the activation energy.
3 Major pathways of catabolism in organisms	Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, & electron transport.
Glycolysis how many ATPs	2 ATPS are produced by....
TCA Cycle/electron transport how many ATPs	30 ATPS are produced by...........
Final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration	O2
2 possible final electron acceptors in anaerobic reaction	nitrate & sulfate
6 Commercially valuable products vis fermintation	cheese, yogurt, vinegar, acetone, butyl alcohol, beer & wine
DNA RNA & amino acids	types of macromolecules that require building blocks, or precursor molecules.
DNA	infomational molecule. tells cells what to do/ how to operate
RNA	translated into proteins, the real cell workers
Transcription	The process by which RNA polymerase uses a DNA template to produce mRNA
RNA polymerase	the enzyme responsible for transcription. aka used to produce the RNA copy of each gene
Operon	2 or more genes in a bacterial chromosome that are transcribed into one mRNA. Eukaryotic cells do not have operons
Translation	The process of rRNAs translating the mRNA codons into proteins by polymerizing the correet amino acids in th ecorrect order.
mRNA	A template for the coded genetic information in DNA to be translated into protein
ribosomes	enzymes that carry out the process of translation
codon	a nucleotide triplet that codes for a specific amino acid
Couple transcription & translation	the simultaneous synthesis of RNA & protein that occur in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
A triplet of bases encodes..	Each triplet codon in mRNA codes for 1 amino acid
Griffith	demonstrated a gene transfer by showing that capsular production could be restored to a capsular mutant from dead, wild-type bacteria
Avery	showed that genes are made of DNA by showing that the bacterial substance that caused transformation was DNase sensitive.
Hershey & chase	confirmed that DNA is the genetic material
gene	the DNA coding material for a single protein
chromosome	a large circular molecule of several million base pairs of DNA that contains cellular genes
genome	the collection of all the genes in a cell
complementary DNA	DNA that will base pair w/another DNA molecule cuz it has A in place of every T, C in place of every g of the other molecule
gene amounts in bacterium & human cells	bacterium 5,000 and human=50,000
Prokaryotic cells	have haplois genomes
Eukaryotic cells	have diploid genomes
A disease that is most common in the Ohio Missi. River drainage area, is spread from bird poop, & is DX as a yeast in bronchoalveolar lavage washings is	HISTOPLASMOSIS
Feeding form of Giardia Lamblia	TROPHOZITE
Malarial Merozoites infect	RBCs
Parasite, damages the liver & have a life cycle stage in a snail is	FLUKE
Agents that causes swimming pool conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis is	ADENOVIRUS
Alcohol in alcholic drinks is produced by	YEAST
this organism makes a natural pesticide	BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
microbe shells are used to decontaminate water supplies	DIATOMS
Air forced through sewage to	HELP AEROBIC BACTERIA GROWTH
Actinomycetes as Nocardia & Streptomyces are commonly found here	SOIL
Produces the greatest amount of energy	ELECTRON TRANSPORT
double stranded DNA virus has 40% G+C, then it has ___% A	30
All viruses	are intracellular,contain nucleocapsid,either RNa or DNA but not both
specific chara. of heterotrophs is that they	OBTAIN CARBON FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Most important advantage of solid media over broth is	SPECIFIC COLONIES TO BE ISOLATED
sterilization indicates	AN ABSENCE OF LIFE
detergents primarily act on microbes by	DISOLVING THE LIPID MEMBRANES
the beta lactam ring of PCNs is destroyed by	B LACTAMASE
Antibiotic for TB	ISONIAZID
Antiherpes Rx	ACYCLOVIR
Antiviral that acts to stop uncoating is	AMANTADINE
Spread via aerosols	PNEUMONIC PLAGUE
Opsonizatioin is enhanced by	ANTIBODIES
Legionnaire's disease source	WATER COOLING TOWERS
Bacteria that have lost the ability to grow on a specific sugar	AUXOTROPHS
PCN Antibio. theraphy will be most effective against	STAPH & STREP
Mycobacteria are usually hard for the host to overcome cuz	HAVE A WAXY CELL WALL
principal cell killed by HIV	T HELPER OR CD4
Varicella zoster virus is cause of	chicken pox
Hep B	DESTROYS LIVER CELLS
Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with infection by the	HIV
virus that contains reverse transcriptase	HIV
a protein that causes a given gene or operon to start expressing is called	INDUCER
Zoonotic transmission is observed for	SALMONELLOSIS
Infected woman is more likely that an infected man to miss recognizing this symptom	CHANCRE
a bacterial process of recombination that requires cell to cell contact	CONJUGATION
First proved the germ thery of disease	KOCH
Bacterial motility is produced by	FLAGELLA
A bacterium that only grows in the absence of oxygen	OBLIGATE ANAEROBE
Rapid growth of bacteria occurs in this phase	LOG PHASE
How do Cyanobacteria obtain their energy	PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Spontaneous changes in genes occurs because of	MUTAGENESIS
Component of the bacterial cell wall gives it its rigidity	PEPTIOGLYCAN
The most important cellular organelle in the destruction of a pathogen is the	LYSOSOME
Parts of bacterial flagella	basal body, flagellin, hook
Janssen, Hans & Zaccharias	invented first compound microscope
Hooke	(1665) Looked at cork via microscope Coined the word cell. Set the foundation for cell theory.
cell theory	states all living things are composd of cells
Van leeuwenhoek	1670's & 80's first to observe & describe living microbes-"animalcules". His homemade microscope magnified a specimen up to 200-300x.
Linnaeus	1735 developed a classification system-binomial nomenclature
binominal nomenclature	classification system (genus name+species name)
spontaneous generation	states living matter can appear out of no where
Francesco REDI	1660s first to present evidence spontaneous generation false. cloth covered jars. Poor guy was ignored.
John NEEDHAM	1740s showed proof spontaneous generation was true. he boiled nutrient solutions, yet when cooled stuff grew.
Lazzaro SPALLANZANI	showed that NEEDHAMS experiments where BS. that u seal the boiled flasks and nothing can grow. that there where stuff in the air.
Jenner	1789 first vaccine (cow pox)
Semmelweis	1840s first to suggest doctors wash their nasty hands
Louis Pasteur	developed the swan neck flask. disproved sponatenous generation. showed microorganisms are everywhere. put aseptic technique in the running stages.
Jospeh LISTER	1860s disinfectants to clean surgical dressings and instruments.
Koch	One organism-one disease. First to establish pure-culture technique and to use agar as a growth medium. (koch postulates)
Ehrlich	Syphillis
Fleming	PCN
Domagk	Sulfa
5 Kingdoms	Monera,Protista,Fungi,& Animalia
Microorganisms- all this kingdom	Monera (bacteria & cyanophytes)
one meter is ____ feet	3.28ft is ____meter
resolution	refers to the ability to tell the diff of adjacent objects or structures as seperate & discrete entities
resolving power	of a microscope indicates the size of the smallest objects that can be clearly observed.

Created by: MiglettMomma24

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