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Urinary System
Urinary System:Anatomy and Physiology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is excretion? | removal of metabolic wastes from the body |
| What is the function of the kidneys? | regulate homeostasis |
| What are the 6 ways the kidneys regulate homeostasis? | removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes , maintain normal H20 and electrolyte concentration, regulate pH of body fluids, secrete the hormone erythropoietin which controls red blood cell production, secrete the hormone renin to regulate BP, produce urine |
| What are the organs of the urinary system? | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| What are the accessory excretroy organs? | skin (integumentary), lungs (respiratory), and large intestine (digestive) |
| What are some examples of nitrogenous wastes? | urea, creatine, uric acid |
| Which renal vein is shorter than the other? | right renal vein |
| What is the location of the kidneys? | on lateral to the vertebral column, posterior to the abdominal wall, retroperitoneal, at the level of the T12-L3, |
| Which kidney is lower than the other? | right kidney is lower beause of location of liver exerting weight onto it |
| How much do kidneys weigh? | 160 g each (30 g=1 oz) |
| What are the tissue coverings of the kidneys? | renal fascia, renal fat pad, renal capsule |
| What is the renal fascia for? | connective tissue for attahment to the abdominal wall |
| What is the purpose of the renal fat bad? | serves as a cushion |
| What is the purspose for the renal capsule? | protects the kidneys from infection |
| What is the size of the kidney? | 10cm x 5cm x 4 cm or 3-4 inches in length, 2.5 inches side to side or 1.5 inche flat surface |
| What is the shape of the kidney? | bean-shaped, convex laterally, concave medially |
| Where is the hilum of the kidney? | medial, indented side; it is the doorway to each kidney |
| What is the relationship of the kidney to the adrenal glands? | the adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney |
| What is hydronephrosis? | the kidneys lose fat support and become enlarged by accumulating H2O |
| What structures are located in the inner renal medulla? | renal pyraminds, renal papilla, renal columns |
| What structures are located in the renal sinus? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis |
| Where does each renal artery extend directly from? | the aorta |
| Where does each renal vein empty directly into? | inferior vena cava |
| What is the total cardiac output (volume of blood that is pumped from the ventricles) in the kidneys of a person at rest? | 20-25% (1 out of 5 L) |
| What is the amount of CO of a person that is exercising? | 5% |
| Trace blood from aorta to inferior vena cava. | Aorta, renal artery, segmental (lobar) artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus,efferent arteriole,peritubular capillaries (vasa recta),interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein,IVC |
| Where do he right and left renal arteries branch from? | Abdominal aorta |
| What are the three major organs that pass through the diaphragm? | aorta, esophagus, IVC |
| Which contains more metabolic impurities, the renal artery or renal veins? | renal artery |
| What is the nephron? | it is the filtering functional unit of the kidney |
| how many nephrons are in each kidney? | over a million |
| What are the structural features of the nephron? | it is a ball shaped structure, highly coiled and contains the renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| What does the renal corpuscle consist of? | glomerulus capillaries which is a ball of capillary network and a fenestrated endothelium and also the Bowman's capsule which is a double layered membrane (visceral layer is the podocytes and the parietal layer is the capsule) |
| What force sends plasma from out of glomerular capillary into capsular space? | the force of blood pressure |
| When does glomerular filtrate turn into urine? | at the minor calyx |
| What does the renal tuble consist of? | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and the collecting duct |
| Where does the collecting duct empty into? | the minor calyx |
| What is the filtration membrane? | the membrane that forms a barrier between the blood and filtrate |
| What is the composition of the filtration membrane? | formed by the wall of the glomerulus and the podocytes (cells that form filtration slits) |
| Explain the flow of blood through the nephron | interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava |
| Which arteriole gives rise to the peritubular capillary system which surrounds the renal tubule? | efferent arteriole |
| What is the first step of urine formation? | Glomerular filtration |
| What is glomerular filtration? | Creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood which occurs in the capsule. |
| Where does glomerular filtration occur? | the Bowman's Capsule (Renal Corpuscle) |
| What is the second step of urine formation? | Tubular Reabsorpotion |
| What is tubular reabsorption? | removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood |
| Where does tubular reabsorption occur? | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
| What is the third step in urine formation? | Tubular secretion |
| What is tubular secretion? | removes additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate |
| What is the fourth step of urine formation? | Water conservation |
| What is water conservation? | removes water from the urine and returns it to the blood and concentrates wastes |
| Where does water conservation occur? | Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| What are the two hormones involved in Nephron function? | ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)- water retention and occurs in the DCT and aldosterone (sodium absorption |
| What is in the filtrate? | mostly water, metabolic wastes (urea, ammonia, uric acid), nutrients (glucose, vitamins, amino acids) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride |
| How much of the filtrate is absorbed back into circulating blood in the kidneys? | 99% |
| What is filtration pressure? | the force required to push plasma from the glomerulus into the capsule |
| Hydrostatic pressure is... | blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries. This is an outward driving force |
| Osmotic pressure of the plasma... | solutes in plasma draw water outside the glomerulus (inward force) |
| Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule.... | as fluid accumulates in the capsule, it resists free flow of plasma from the glomerulus (inward force) |
| Net filtration pressure = | A(Hydrostatic pressure) - (B(osmotic pressure) - C(capsular presure) |
| Postive net filtration pressure | producing filtrate |
| Negative net filtration pressure | renal failure |
| Glomerular filtration rate | filtrate secreted into capsular spaes by both kidneys in one minute (125 mL) |
| What are the factors controlling filtration rate? | filtration pressure, diameters of the afferent or efferent arterioles, changes in plasma osomtic pressure in the glomerulus, blood flow through the glomerulus, hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule |
| Renal auto-regulation | maintenance of normal filtration by the nephron which is the function of the cells of the JG apparatus( JG cells) |
| What produces the chemical renin? | JG cells |
| Renin controls what? | systemic blood pressure |
| How much cardiac ouput do the kidneys receive at rest? | about 20% |
| What is the cardiac output during kidneys? | about 5-10% |
| What is the result of sympathetic nerves control of renal blood flow? | reduced filtration by nephrons |
| Tubular reabsorption | substances are selectively reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate |
| What is the peritubular capillary adapted for? | reabsorption |
| Where does most reabsorption occur? | proximal tubule |
| Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by... | active transport |
| Water is reabsorbed... | osmosis (80% of filtrate) |
| The presence of what horone increases water reabsorption... | ADH |
| Proteins are reabsorbed by... | pinocytosis |
| Substances that remain in the filtrate... | are concentrated as water is reabsorbed |
| Sodium ions... | are reabsorbed by active transport |
| Where does chemical control of water and sodium reabsorption occur? | region of the DCT and collecting duct |
| Where is ADH located and formed? | posterior pituitary gland causes the permeability of the distal tubule and collection ducts to increase, and thus promotes the reabsorption of water |
| Aldosterone | a hormone released by the adrenal gland further increases sodium and water absorption in the distal tubule. |
| What is the third step of urine formation? | Tubular secretion |
| What does tubular secretion serve to remove? | Various organic compounds (ammonia) and hydrogen ions to maintain acid-base balance |
| What is the fourth step of urine formation? | Water Conservation |
| What is the end product of the four steps? | urine |
| What happends during water conservation? | By Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion from the hypothalamus, incureases reabsorption of water from the renal tubule, and decreases urine volume |
| Urea excretion | urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism, t is reabsorbed passively by diffusion; about 50% of the urea is excreted in urine. |
| Uric acid excretion | results from the metabolism of nucleic acids (most is reabsorbed by active transport, some is secreted into the renal tubule.) |
| Physical composition of urine | color and transparency, odor, pH, specific gravity |
| Chemical composition of urine | 95% water, remaining 5% is solutes like urea, electrolytes, uric acid, creatinine |
| Factors involved in urine output | fluid intake environmental temperature humidity emotional status respiration rate body temperature |
| Ureters | muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder; wall is mucous, muscular, and fibrous layers; composed of transitional epithelium; peristaltic waves in the ureter force urine to the bladder |
| Urinary bladder wall structure | mucosa: transitional epithelium muscular layer: smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the bladder form the detrusor muscle (to expel substances from the body) A portion of the detrusor muscle forms an internal urethral sphincter |
| Trigone | a triangle in the floor of the bladder; the opening from the two ureters and the urethra form a triangle |
| The urinary bladder stores.... | urine |
| The urinary bladder stores urine and forces it into the .... | urethra |
| micturation | process by which urine is expelled |
| baroreceptors | bladder stretch receptors |
| Micturation reflex | urge to urinate |
| What is the stimulus of the micturation reflex? | the presence of about 200 mL of urine in the bladder |
| How are stretch receptors stimulated? | by distension (stretching) |
| micturation reflex center | parasympathetic motor impulses to the detrusor muscle causes the contraction of the bladder |
| internal urethral sphincter | is forced to open |
| external urethral sphincter | is under voluntary control |
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lyds
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