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AGRN 1000 Final

Question	Answer
Source	where plant sugars are produced. from the source they are transported to the sink
Sink	an area in the plant where sugars are needed. May be a an area where the plant is growing such as a root, stem, flower, or fruit
Photoperiod	length of light in a day, which changes throughout the growing period
Pistil	the female essential flower part.
Vernalization	the acquisition of a plant's ability to flower or germinate in the spring by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter.
Phloem	food conducting tissue. Can move in any direction
Xylem	water conducting tissue. Moves only up from the roorts
Leaf Canopy	the configuration of crop leaves in the field • Prevents sunlight from hitting soil • Prevents sunlight from reaching weeds • We want lead canopy to grow as rapidly as possible
What material is routinely added to soils to adjust pH level (generally added to acid soils to increase pH, and thus lower [H] in the soil)? +	to lower the pH use sulfur. to raise the pH use lime
why are plants green	plants have chloroplasts that absorb light energy to make food. they absorb red light and blue light but not green light so the color green is reflected.
What is crop lodging? Give three factors than can contribute to lodging in crops.	lodging: the tendency for a plant to become top-heavy and fall over. Caused by excess fertilizer, water, high plant population, insects, disease, or genetic factors
Briefly the role of photoperiod sensitivity in crop adaptation in a north-south vs. east-west direction, especially as it applies in a historical	The photoperiod changes as you move from North to South. Days are longer in the summer shorter in winter further north. Therefore it is difficult to transfer crops North-South. But it is easy to transfer them east-west, like from China to Europe.
Using either words or a graph, describe the relationship between plant growth (defined as dry matter accumulation) and percent solar interception (or percent ground cover or canopy cover) in crop plants.	there is a linear relationship between these. As the leaf area index and % solar interception go up, so does the dry matter. A study in the 1960's found that my decreasing row spacing you could achieve more solar interception and more dry matter
Legume	a plant that has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots, and make their own nitrogen. example: peanut. belong to the family fabaceae
Cross-pollinated crop	date palm, cherry tree, pistachio
C4 Plant Species	corn, millet
Modified Stem	• Stolons: lateral, above ground stems (turfgrass, strawberries) • Rhizomes: lateral, below ground stems (Johnsongrass)
Cation	• H+ • Ca++ • K+
Two elements centrally located in the chlorophyll molecule and essential to its function are	nitrogen and magnesium
The most limiting factor in crop production world-wide is	water
The concentration of H ions in the soil +	goes up at the pH goes up
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the ability of the soil to attract and hold cations, and as such	is directly related to soil pH
Hydroscopic soil water is	Water that is unavailable to plants
Soil water-holding capacity (the ability of a soil to absorb and hold water) is mainly dependent upon	soil texture and structure
In a given soil, the most variable of the four major components are	water and air
Of the following, the only plant parts that are involved in asexual reproduction are the	stems
Essential flower parts include the	Stamens and Pistil
A vegetatively-growing crop plant is subjected to a 13.5 hour photoperiod, which is increased by 1/2 hour each week. When the photoperiod reaches 15 hours, the plant starts to flower. This plant species would be	Long Day plant
Water loss through the leaves is part of a plant process known as	transpiration
Subtracting the rate of glucose breakdown (respiration) from the rate of glucose accumulation (photosynthesis) gives the	Net assimilation rate
Photosynthesis takes place in specialized structures called chloroplasts, while respiration takes place in specialized structures called	mitochondria
In its simplest form, photosynthesis can be divided into	light and dark reactions
The desired LAI (leaf area index) range for most crops is	2.6 to 4.0
The majority of carbon found on earth is in the form of	biomass (plant and animal tissues)
The main function of stolons is	asexual propagation
Light frequencies that are best absorbed by chlorophyll and other plant pigments are	blues and reds
All stems are identified as such based on the presence of	nodes
The most important crop families, in terms of food production, are	Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae
Crop plants thought to have originated in southwest Asia (present-day Iraq) include	wheat and other small grains
Earth's human population	is currently over 6 billion
The best explanation for man’s sudden shift from hunting and gathering to an agriculture- based society is	The shift from ice-ages to a warmer climate and development of religions
Crop	any plant used by man for any useful purpose
Subsistence	growing food (animals and plants) just to feed you and your family, not for commerce. Animals were probably domesticated first.
Shifting Agriculture	moving as resources were depleted (no land ownership)
Commercial Agriculture	producing enough to use of profit/trade/ you need to develop systems of storage, currency, transportation, and written communication.
Extensive Agriculture	like rangeland for cattle or dryland wheat production. inputs are low, not a lot of potential profit
Intensive Agriculture	vegetable production, a lot of investment with a lot of monetary return. example: peanut production
Early Crops of Southwest Asia (Iraq)	barley, wheat, rye, oat, pea and other small grains
Early Crops of Southeast Asia	rice, sugarcane, coconut, tea, citrus, and soybean
Early Crops of the Americas	maize, potato, tobacco, tomato, peanut
Early Crops of Africa	sorghum, okra, yam, watermelon
Thomas Malthus	english clergyman that developed an equation between food and population. believed our population will grow to a point where it will strip the food resources and famine will occur
What portion of the Earth is land?	29% 37 billion acres
Angiosperm	flowering plants, appeared in the early cretaceous
Monocot	embryo with one cotyledon, fibrous roots, parallel leaf veination. example: grasses, lily, orchid, banana, yam
Dicot	two cotyledons, taproot system, net veination. example: cotton, legumes, sweet potato, pepper
Poaceae	grasses example: corn
Fabaceae	legumes example: beans, peas, peanuts
Solanaceae	night shade family example: potato, pepper, tomato, tobacco
Taproot	centralized structures where other roots radiate from. go much deeper
Fibrous roots	more shallow and dispersed system
roots	one of the 3 main plant organs. function to absorb water and nutrients
nutrient	refers to calcium ions, phosphates, or nitrogen, NOT FOOD. plants manufacture food through photosynthesis
legumes	bacteria feed off of plant sugars and in return give the plant nitrogen
Culm	grass with a hollow stem like rice
Stalk	grasses with a solid stalk
Nodes	an area of compressed tissue that can give rise to other plant tissues such as leaves, flowers, other stems etc. MAINLY FOR ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Stolons	lateral, above ground stems (turfgrass, strawberries)
Rhizomes	lateral below ground stems
Crown	major organ of asexual reproduction. it is the junction between the roots and the upper part of the plant
Tubers	major organ of asexual reproduction. white potato are tubers
Bulb	organ of asexual reproduction, basically a compressed stem with fleshy leaf tissue. example: onion
Corm	similar to a bulb but has less leaf tissue
Apical Dominance	the top of the plant wants to dominate the rest of the plant. for almost any plant you will get a Christmas Tree shape. the apex of the plant produces auxin that is dispersed throughout the plant
Auxin	prevents lateral node production, but as the plant grows taller, the less effective the hormone is so you see lateral growth, thus the Christmas Tree shape. even if you bend the plant over this will still occur
Lodging	the tendency for a plant to become top heavy and fall over. this can be caused by excess fertilizer, water, high plant population, insects, disease, or genetic factors
Functions of Stems	support of leaves, fruits, and flowers. transport of water and nutrients storage of food asexual propagation photosynthesis
Leaf Canopy	the configuration of crop leaves in the field.
Functions of Leaf Canopy	prevents sunlight from hitting soil, prevents sunlight from reaching weeds.
Leaf Area Index (LAI)	leaf area/ground surface area. desired LAI is 2.5-4. you want the maximum LAI to intercept the most sunlight
Functions of Leaves	photosynthesis, food storage, translocation of sugar, gaseous exchange,
Vascular Tissue	xylem + phloem
Photosynthetic Reaction	6CO2 + 12H2O --Sunlight and Chlorophyll --> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O
Dark Reactions	CO2 + NADPH2 + ATP --> H20 + Carbon Chain Carbon Chain + ATP --> Glucose (C6H12O6)
Factors that Affect Photosynthetic Rate	1. CO2 2.H20 3. Light (frequency and intensity) 4. Temperature 5. Carbohydrate translocation 6. Leaf Age
How to Increase Photosynthesis	1. Increase LAI (decrease row spacing) 2. Plant Genetics 3. Planting Date 4. Plant Nutrition 5. Pest Control
Respiration	process of obtaining energy from organic materials. provides energy for cell division, elongation, and other metabolic processes
Aerobic Respiration	occurs in the presence of oxygen. C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + H2O + 40ATP
Anaerobic Respiration	occurs in the absence of oxygen C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2H2O + 2ATP produces ethyl alcohol and occurs in the cytoplasm
Photorespiration	occurs in chloroplasts and requires light. but is considered to be a detrimental process, does no contribute to the growth of the plant. caused by rubisco
Rubisco	or RuBP, stands for ribulose biphosphates carboxylase oxygenase. it is an enzyme
Transpiration	movement/loss of water through the leaves (evaporative loss). functions to cool the leaf. Effected by wind, humidity, and temperature
Translocation	how sucrose gets from the production site (source) to the place where it is needed (sink)
Corolla	all the petals together
Calyx	all the sepals together
Male Flower Parts	Stamen, Filament, Anther
Female Flower Parts	Pistil, stigma, style, ovary
Complete Flower	one that has all the parts
Incomplete Flower	lacks 1 or more parts, this includes all the grasses
Perfect Flower	has both male and female parts
Imperfect Flower	either a male flower or a female flower
Monoecious	have both male and female flowers on the same plant
Dioecious	have either male or female flowers. example: gingko, date palm
The Phases of Plant Growth	vegetative and reproductive
Photoperiod	length of light in a day, which changes throughout the growing period. plants use photoperiod to sense changes in season
Short Day Plants	flower in response to shortening photoperiod. flower after summer solstice (july)
Long Day Plants	flower in response to lengthening photoperiod. flower after the winter solstice. cool season plants that are fall planted and spring harvested
Day Neutral Plants	they don't care what the photoperiod is. during domestication we bred out the photoperiod response. MORE VALUABLE
Soil Components	water, air, mineral material, organic matter. water and air content are the most variable
Organic Matter	anything derived from a formerly living thing
Mineral Matter	part of the soil derived from inorganic sources (rock, minerals)
3 Classes of Soil Particle Size	fine sand/sand, silt, clay
Chemical Reactivity is	a function of particle size
Soil Pore Size	determined by texture and structure. as the particles get smaller the pore size goes up. it determines water holding capacity, influences infiltration rate, and root penetration
Litter	the top layer of organic matter. can absorb the force and moisture from rain
Duff	first stage of decay of organic matter
Humus	organic matter that is resistant to further decay
Gravitational Water	free water, that is temporarily available to plants
Capillary Water	available, held in soil by capillary action
Hydroscopic Water	unavailable, held in soil by chemical bonds
Saturation capacity	all pores are filled with water, much of which is gravitational
Field Capacity	all gravitational water is gone
Wilting Point	even though there is hydroscopic water, the plant can't get it
Preferred crop pH	6.0 to 7.3 ( a little bit acidic)
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)	a cation is a positively charged ion. Soil particles like clay and humus are covered in negative charges. they can attract more cations. Textures that are coarse have lower CEC, clays and higher organic matter have a higher CEC.
Water Use Efficiency	the amount of water needed to create a certain amount of dry matter. C4 plants are more efficient with water use than C3 plants
Based on annual precipitation, Alabama is in the crop region best described as	humid
The water-use efficiency ratio for crop plants can best be described as the ratio between amount of water used and	total dry matter yield
Insect, disease and weed pests are best managed using a system of biological, cultural, chemical, and other tools otherwise known as	Integrated Pest management IPM
The primary function of sulfur in plant metabolism is	component of proteins
the three major tools of the plant breeder are	introduction, selection and hybridization

Created by: asculpepper

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