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Chapter 10
vocabulary
| Vocabulary | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cognition | mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information |
| Cognitive Psychology | the study of these mental activities; concept formation; problem solving; decision making; judgement formation |
| Concept | mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people |
| Prototype | the best example of a category |
| Algorithm | methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
| Heuristic | rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently |
| Insight | sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| Confirmation Bias | tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions |
| Fixation | inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
| Mental Set | tendency to approach a problem in a particular way |
| Functional Fixedness | tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
| Representativeness Heuristic | rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes |
| Availability Heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
| Overconfidence | tendency to be more confident than correct |
| Framing | the way an issue is posed |
| Belief Bias | the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning |
| Belief Perseverance | clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| Artificial Intelligence | designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent thingsto simulate human thought processes |
| Computer Neural Networks | computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells |
| Language | our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning |
| Phoneme | in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
| Grammar | a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| Semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language |
| Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| Babbling Stage | beginning at 3 to 4 months |
| One-Word Stage | from about age 1 to 2 |
| Two-Word Stage | beginning about age 2 |
| Telegraphic Speech | early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words |
| Linguistic Relativity | Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
Created by:
hamilton
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