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micro q2
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| net movement of water across a semi- permiable membrane from high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules | osmosis |
| equal on outside of cell and inside of cell | isotonic, will stay the same |
| low concentration on the outside high on the inside | hypotonic, will burst |
| high concentration on the outside low concentration on the inside of a cell | hypertonic, will shrivel |
| the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism | metabolism |
| degradative, breakdown substances into smaller substances. produce energy | catabolic |
| synthesis reactions and require more energy than they produce | anabolic |
| biological catalyst | enzymes |
| enzymes are specific in what they will catalyze | lock and key method |
| substrate name as a prefix and suffix as "ase" | format for naming enzymes |
| the loss of an enzymes 3D shape | denaturization |
| temperature extremes, pH extremes, heavy metal ions, alcohol, and UV radiation | things that denature proteins |
| removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life; destruction of pathogenic organisms | sterilization |
| destruction of vegatative pathogens; destruction of pathogenic organisms | disinfection |
| act of introducing disease or infectious microorganisms into or on normally sterile objects | contamination |
| agent that destroys or kills microorganisms | germicide |
| agent that destroys bacteria | bacteriacide |
| agent that destroys fungus (mold and yeast) | fungicide |
| destroys viruses | virucide |
| kills insects | insecticide |
| kills larva form of insects | larvacide |
| use of poisonous fumes or gases to destroy living organisms | fumigation |
| invasion of an animal or parasite | infestation |
| bacteriostasis | inhibitting growth of bacteria |
| sepsis | microbial contamination |
| the absence of microbial contamination | antisepsis |
| what is a physical method of microbial control? | scrubbing |
| wich is more effective, moist or dry heat? | moist |
| temperatures to kill microbial growth in mosit heat | 100C in boiling water for ten min. 100C in freeflowing steam for thirty min. autoclave 15psi 121C fifteen plus min. |
| what is a form of dry heat? | hot air sterilization oven 160- 170C for two plus hours |
| dessication | absence of water |
| cold temperature | bacteriostatic technique. enzyme activity deminsihes and microbail growth slows down considerably. only retards microbial growth. 0-4C |
| how does UV light disinfect? | damages DNA affecting replication |
| most destructive color of light | violet |
| oxidizing agents | halogens |
| alter cellular enzymes and inhibit protein function | halogens |
| hypochlorite and iodine | halogens |
| denatures protein and is lipolytic | alcohol |
| reducing agents | aldehydes |
| inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross- links between proteins | aldehydes |
| formalin and glutaraldehyde | aldehydes |
| denature enzymes and lipolytic | phenolic compounds |
| phenolitic derivative | cresol |
| good antiseptic phenolytic derivative | hexachlorophene |
| surface tension reducer | quats |
| microbes that establish residence but do not produce disease under normal conditions | normal flora |
| normal flora benefit the host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microorganisms | microbial antagonism |
| when two or more different species or organisms live together in close association | symbiosis |
| a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other in uneffected | commensalism |
| a form of symbiosis where both benefit | mutualism |
| host is harmed and other benefits | parasitism |
| living and benefitting from another with no harm | synergism |
| mutualism, commensalism, parasitism | symbiotic |
| organisms living in close nutritional relationships | symbiotic |
| free living and relationships are not required for survival | nonsymbiotic |
| study of nature and cause of disease | pathology |
| study of the cause of disease | etiology |
| the orgin of developement of a disease | pathogenisis |
| the state or condition in which a body part is infected by pathogenic agent that multiplies | infection |
| the act of introducing disease causing germs or infectious material into an area or substance | contamination |
| the invasion of the body or an area by microscopic organisms | infestation |
| subjective changes caused by disease that are felt by the patient but are not directly measurable | symptoms |
| observable changes caused by a disease | signs |
| group of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease | syndrome |
| the scienced that studies when and where a disease occurs | epidemiology |
| a disease that must be reported | notifiable disease |
| transmitted directly or indirectly person to person | communicable |
| transmitted easily | contagious |
| not transmitted person to person | noncontagious |
| fraction of the population having a specific disease at a given time | prevelence |
| disease occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manner | sporatic |
| occurs continuously in a particular region | endemic |
| attacks many people at the same time in the same area | epidemic |
| world wide epidemic | pandemic |
| rapid onset, severe symptoms, short duration | acute |
| a disease of long duration | chronic |
| disease in existance without mainfesting itself | latent |
| germs lodging in at one point and staying there | local infection |
| spreads throughout the body | systemic infection |
| infection enters blood | focal |
| bacteria in the blood | bacteremia |
| multiplication of bacteria in the blood | septicemia |
| viruses in the blood | viremia |
| toxins in the blood | toxemia |
| an acute infection that causes the initial illness | primary infection |
| developes after the primary and weakens the host | secondary infection |
| caused by two or more infections | mixed infections |
| period before symptoms | subclinical infection |
| arises from microorganisms from outside the body | exogenous infection |
| produced or arising from within the body | endogenous infection |
| developes during hospital stays | nonocomial infection |
| organisms that harbor pathogens and transmit them to others | carriers |
| do not exibit signs of symptoms | passive |
| exibit signs or symptoms | active |
| have not returned to original sate of health | convalescent |
| longer than 1 year | chronic |
| disease carried by wild or domestic animals passed to humans | zoonoses |
| innatomate objects that spread infection | fomites |
| skin and mucus membranes, respiratory tract, digestive tract, genitourinary tract, placenta | portals of entry |
| when microorganisms are deposited directly into the skin or mucus membranes | parenteral route |
| most frequently travelled portal of entry and exit | respiratory tract |
| wehicles of exit for pathogens | feces, urine, tears, pus, semen, vaginal secretions, sputum, saliva, blood |
| mechanical nonspecific defense mechanisms | skin, mucus membrane, normal flora, tears and blinking, ciliary escalator, flushing action of urine |
| physiological defenses | inflamation, fever, phagocytosis |
| chemical defenses | body secretions,lysozymes, gastric juices, interferons, complement system |
| digestive enzymes that break down microorganism | lysozymes |
| contain HCl that inhibits the growth of microorganisms | gastric juices |
| defend against viruses | inferons |
| serum proteins that participate in lysis of forgein cells, inflamation, phagocytosis | complement system |
| chain of infection includes | causative agent (pathogen), resevoir in which the pathogen can survive (human host), portal of exit (to leave the resevvoir), mode of transmission (from resevoir to new host), portal of entry (to enter new host), susceptable host |
| virulence of organisms, portal of entry, number of organisms present, resistance to the host | factors influencing the occurance of disease |
| relativ epower and the degree of pathogenicity possesed by the organisms to produce disease | virulence |
| reduction of microorganism's virulence by diluting or weakening its pathogenicity | attenuation |
| sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products | resistance |
| being susceptible; having little resistance to a disease or pathogen | susceptability |
| bacteria toxins | poisonous |
| abitlity to produce toxins | toxigenicity |
| presence of toxins in the blood | toxemia |
| effects of toxins on host | fever,circulatory system disturbances, diarrhea, shock, inhibit protein synthesis, nervous system disorders, damage to cell mebranes |
| 2 primary types of of bacteria toxins | exotoxins and endotoxins |
| primarily produced by Gram- positive bacteria | exotoxins |
| kills host cells and affect their function | cytotoxins |
| interfer with normal nerve impulses | neurotoxins |
| affect host cells lining the gastrointestinal tract | enterotoxins |
| provide immunity to exotoxins | antitoxins |
| part of the outer membrane of Gram- negative | endotoxins |
| heat resistant | endotoxins |
| bacterial toxin that can destroy white blood cells that are very active in phagocytosis | Leukocidins |
| cause lysis of red blood cells which transport oxygen to cells in the body | hemolysins |
| bacterial enzyme that causes blood to clot | coagulase |
| bacterial enzyme that prevents blood from clotting | fibrinolysin |
| breaks down hyaluronic acid; helps microorganisms spread from their initial site of infection | hyaluronidase |
| acts on the oils and fats secreted by sebaceous glands | lipase |
| bacterial enzyme that breaks down the protein collagen fibers in connective tissue | collagenase |
| for attachment | pili |
| produced by microorganisms | endospores and capsules |
| specific resistance | immunity |
| resistance to disease that we are born with | innate immunity |
| refers to the resistance to the diease that a host developes during the course of a lifetime | acquired immunity |
| antigens enter tho body naturally; by exposure to someone with the disease | naturally acquired active immunity |
| someone else produces antibodies and they are transferred to another person | naturally acquired passive immunity |
| present in a vaccine or artificailly introduced to the individual | artificially acquired active immunity |
| preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced into the body | artificailly acquired passive immunity |
| when a person is exsposed to antigens and antibodies are then formed | active immunity |
| antibodies produced by someone else and then transfered to another individual | passive immunity |
| who is more prone to contracting an illness | children, elderly, and immunocomprimised |
| 2 main parts of the immune system | hummoral immunity and cell mediated immunity |
| produced and mature in red bone marrow. activated by antigenic encounter | b cells |
| produced in red bone marrow, mature in thymus and are activated by antigenic encounter | t cells |
| most prevelent. readily cross the walls of the blood vessels and enter tissue fluids | IgG |
| large size prevents it from enterin the surrounding tissue. first to appear on site of the antigen expsure | IgM |
| most abundant. mucus membranes. mmucus, saliva, tears, breatmilk | IgA |
| primarily on surface of B cells | IgD |
| antibody in allergic reactions | IgE |
| use living but less virulent strains of microorganisms | attenuated whole- agent vaccine |
| use microorganisms that have been killed | inactive whole- agent vaccines |
| use inactive toxins | toxoids |
| use antigenic fragments | subunit vaccines |
| combine substances when to try and produce a stronger immune response than is produced by a substance when it is present on its own | conjugated vaccine |
| only remains effective until the DNA is degraded | nucleic acid vaccine (DNA vaccine) |
| organisms gaining access by penetrating the tissues of the skin or mucous membranes by punctures, bites, cuts, and other wounds | parenteral route |
| a form of adherence of the pathogen to a receptor on the host cell is not an important mechanism of pathogenicity | False |
| a bacterial toxin that exerts its effects when Gram- negative bacteria die and their cell walls undergo lysis the toxin is part of the gram- negative cell wall | endotoxins |
| part of our bodies first line of defense against invading microorganisms | normal flora |
| a local physiological response that is one of our bodies second lines of defense against invading microorganisms | inflammation |
| endotoxins are | lipopolysaccharides |
| interferons are produced by the host to counter _____ infections | viral |
| the type of immunity that primarily involves B lymphocytes and antibody formation is called | hummoral immunity |
| the most prevelent antibody in the body | IgA |
| most prevelent in the blood serum | IgG |
| the B and T cells that are not involved in fighting the current infection, but will be available in an anamnestic response are called | memory cells |
| effector cells | fight current infection |
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kvulgaris
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