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TCN Geronontology
Foundations of Gerontology TCN Module
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Administration on Aging (AoA) | Serves as advocate for older adults and plans & provides services to older Americans and their families |
| Federal Administrative Committee on Aging & Geriatrics | Organization founded in 1951 to create nationwide awareness of the problems of older Americans & their need for services |
| American Society on Aging | Political organization that consists primarily of people who organize & provide services to older people |
| National Council of Senior Citizens | Organization for seniors that has been effective in representing them and their concerns to the federal gov't |
| National Council on Aging | Organization primarily of people who organize & provide services to older people |
| National Conference on Aging | 1st major gov't attempts to confront problems of older Americans in 1950 |
| White House Conference | Older Americans from all over joining to discuss major problems facing them |
| Older Americans Act | Established statutory entitlements to ensure all persons over 60 would have programs tailored specifically to their needs |
| Agency under the Dept of Health, Education & Welfare | Federal Administrative Committee on Aging & Geriatrics |
| Agency that helps older Americans and their families with special programs focusing on high risk individuals | Administration on Aging (AoA) |
| Federal Administrative Committee on Aging & Geriatrics came out of | 1st National Conference on Aging in 1950 |
| Medicare & Medicaid came out of | 1st White House Conference in 1965 |
| A psychologist would be interested in all of the following processes on aging EXCEPT: a) problem-solving capabilities b) adaptions to world experiences c) performance of motor skills d) progression toward reserve capacity | answer is D |
| Which system heavily impacts older adult's ability to respond to stimuli perceived by the senses | Musculoskeletal |
| Older person highly motivated to spend time with friends and family as well as to be included in decision making of social groups | Extrovert concerned with world around him as well as himself |
| Psychotherapy focuses on | Warm interactions and positive transference of emotions to therapist |
| Older adult with positive outlook on life & high self-esteem | Believes stereotypes of older adults apply to peers more than himself |
| Advocacy groups create societal problems by perpetuating negative stereotyping | Emphasizing physical & financial problems associated with growing old |
| 4 different sample populations supported hypothesis study considered reliable | Same results yieded each time repeated |
| Pre-elderly | 55 - 64 |
| Young-old | 65 - 74 |
| Middle-old | 75 - 84 |
| Old-old | 85 - 94 |
| Elite-old | 95 - 99 |
| Frail-old | 85+ who are at risk |
| Collagen Theory | Decrease in amount & quality of readily soluble collagen in connective tissues |
| Stiffening of heart, lungs, blood vessels & muscles | Collagen Theory |
| Declining Energy Theory | Fixed amount of vitality that cannot be revitalized |
| Person at mercy of environmental & social factors | Declining Energy Theory |
| Error/Mutation Theory | Genetic mutations cause organ decline through self-perpetuating mutations |
| Cross linkage & incorrect transcription of RNA from DNA synthesis | Error/Mutation Theory |
| Fixed Amount of Time Theory | Certain amount of time to live - if you use it, you lose it |
| Free Radical Theory | Accumulation of ineffective abnormal molecules impair functional capacity of organisms |
| Hayflick Limit | Fixed number of bodily cells AKA Theory of Reserve Capacity |
| Wild animals live, procreate and die | Hayflick Limit |
| Immune Theory | Matures early childhood, peaks around 40 and declines thereafter |
| Organic Mental Discorders | Dementias |
| Programmed Aging Theory | Hayflick - genetic program/biological clock with life span pre-set |
| Theory of Reserve Capacity | People who live to sexual maturity have cells that contain genetic reserve capacity |
| Unresolved Stress Theory | Disease-causing stress interacts with aging to accelerate the degeneration |
| Wear & Tear Theory | Functions become less effecient with prolonged use and numerous insults |
| Senescence | Process of becoming old |
| Life Span | Maximum length of life biologically possible without interference |
| Life Expectancy | Average length of life figured from time of birth |
| Conquering disease & altering age-related biological process | Increase in Life Expetancy |
| Leading causes of death end of 20th century | Heart Disease Cancer Stroke COPD Pneumonia Diabetes |
| Leading chronic conditions age 65+ | Arthritis Hypertension Hearing impairments Heart Disease Cataracts |
| Common social stressors in old age | Loss of income Loss of role & status Loss of spouse Isolation through disability Loss of cognitive functioning |
| Self-Help Movement | Initials health care needed Identify plan of action Decide actions to take Take responsibility for actions |
| Parsons "Sick Role" | 1) Exempt from normal role responsibilities 2) Exempt from responsibility for self-care 3) Obliged to seek professional help 4) Obliged to want to, and try to, get well |
| For physical change in body to be considered part of senescence | Must have negative effect on functioning of the body |
| Which racial group is expected to experience a substantial decline among its elderly: a) American Indians b) Whites c) Pacific Islanders d) Black | Answer is b |
| All non-reproductive body cells subject to set number of cell divisions | Reserve Capacity Theory |
| Holistic model | Self-care, medical care and social support services |
| Activity Theory | Continue middle-age lifestyle |
| Denying existence of old age as long as possible | Activity Theory |
| Continuity Theory of Aging | Predisposition toward certain actions in old age similar during other phases of life AKA Development Theory |
| Remaining engaged and or active, or not | Continuity Theory of Aging |
| Disengagement Theory | Some orderly means to transfer power from old to young |
| One of the earliest, most controversial and widely discussed theories of aging | Disengagement Theory |
| Common practice of industry | Disengagement Theory |
| Exchange Theory of Aging | People will try to maximze rewards and minimize losses |
| Field Dependent | Group oriented individuals |
| Havighurst Scale | Categorizes life satisfaction: 1) zest vs apathy 2) resolution & fortitude 3) strong relationship desired & acheived goals 4) self-concept 5) mood-tone |
| Labeling Theory | Individual derives self-concept from interaction with others in social surrounding |
| Meditative Intelligence | Detachment to view problem-solving processes in larger context |
| Releases connection between thought & emotion to see problem for less-biased point of view | Meditative Intelligence |
| Hearing loss | Major impact on communication |
| Olfactory function | Sharply declines after 65 |
| Reaction Time | Period that elapses between presentation of a stimulus and beginning of the response |
| Response Time | Timed reaction to visual stimuli, abstract shapes and letters |
| Relative Deprivation | Sense of being less fortunate than others |
| Symbolic Interaction Theory | Ability of humans to acquire & use language making them distinctly different from other forms of life |
| Wisdom | Excellent judgment and advice |
| Baltes 5 Elements | 1) Factual knowledge 2) Procedural knowledge 3) Knowledge to place situations in appropriate context 4) knowledge considers situational relativism 5) knowledge considers uncertainty of life |
| 4 stages of aging & intelligence | 1) intellegence declines w/age (cross-sectional patterns) 2) consider different dimensions of intelligence (longitudinal) 3) various methods to see if adult intelligence could be improved 4) examining possibility higher mental abilities may increase |
| Friends | People known & trusted |
| Acquaintances | People known & liked |
| Biographical Life Course | Pathways people take that are influenced & intersected by historical eras/life stages |
| Cultural Life Course | Age-related progressions/sequences expected as mature & move through life |
| Formal Support Network | Private & public agencies |
| Informal Support Network | Family (personal care) and Friends (emotional support) |
| Spheres of Accomplishment | Family, Career, Age Group |
| Statistical Life Course | Studying and observing relative proportions of age cohort showing various patterns over time |
| Positively oriented | Glad to give up background - working class |
| Negatively oriented | Hate giving up work roles - middle class |
| Self-employed | Have never & don't intend to give up |
| Actively re-engaged | Find new & useful roles/activities |
| Interdependence | Bring people together to satisfy needs better than being alone |
| Intimacy | Exchange of affection, trust & confidence |
| Belonging | Sense of being more than isolated individual |
| Direct Income Sources | Earnings |
| Indirect Income Sources | Assistance |
| Old Age Survivors Insurance | Wife can choose to drop her benefits for deceased husband's |
| PBGC | US corporation guarantees payment of private pensions |
| Retirement Phase | Highly active - honeymoon period Inactive - rest & relaxation period Movement straight into retirement |
| Workforce Withdrawl | 1) desire to retire 2) employment problems 3) disability |
| Median income peaks | 45 - 54 |
| Which of the following is not a factor to motivate people to work: a) desire for wages & benefits b) social status c) need to excel d) expend energy meaningful way | Anser is c |
| Real Estate Investment Properties | Elder Exploitation |
| Pre Paid Funeral Arrangements | Elder Exploitation |
| Easy target for Exploitation | Looking for inexpensive/quick way to increase income/wealth |
| Negative Age Discrimination | Unjust treatment due to chronological age or appearance of being old |
| Subtle Age Discrimination | Being left out of group interactions/social planning |
| Direct Age Discrimination | Being denied ability to participate in events/groups because of age |
| Townsend Plan | Gov't payment each month to be spent within 30 days of receipt and they retire |
| Medicare Part A | Hospitalization covered through payroll tax deductions |
| Medicare Part B | Physician and Outpatient expenses as supplement w/ monthly premiums deducted from SS |
| 3 needs Medicare does not cover | Adaptive devices, Long-term care, Prescription drugs |
| Long-term institutional care covered | Medicaid once assets no longer available |
| Older adults vote | Depending on which party supports their vested interests |
| Led to formation of the Townsend Plan | Shift from agricultural economy to industrial economy |
| Middle-aged adults with family & work responsibilities making it difficult to care for elderly family members | Advocacy group to aid older adults in acquision of money through political process |
| Took on AMA against disengagement | Gray Panthers |
| Paved way for creation of the Administration on Aging | Older Americans Act of 1965 |
| Active Euthanasia | Giving or allowing patient to give a lethal dose |
| Active Suicide | Results in death |
| Adaptive Denial | Individual acknowledges death and its implications and focuses on what remains rather than what is being lost |
| Anticipatory Grief | Grieving while terminally ill still alive |
| Brittle Denial | Person represses fact they are dying and fails to assimilate implications of impending death |
| Dying Trajectory | Rate of decline in functional ability that will ulitimately result in physical death |
| Emotional Bereavement | Emotionally adapting to person's death which includes anger, anxiety, overwhelming sadness, depression and preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased |
| Euthanasia | Deliberate shortening of person's life to relieve suffering |
| Hospice | Physical entity that provides support to dying and caregivers (Respite Care) |
| Intellectual Bereavement | Purification of the memory of the deceased where all negative characteristics are forgotten and only idealized memory remains |
| Passive Euthanasia | Allowing person to die by deciding to do nothing |
| Passive Suicide | Person makes decisions that will eventually result in death |
| Neglecting health, failing to take life-sustaining meds/treatments, engaging in dangerous activies, refusing to eat | Passive Suicide |
| Physical Bereavement | Physically adapting to person's death with symptoms of SOB, sighning, chest tightness, emptiness, loss of energy, lack of strength and nausea |
| Physical Death | Absence of breathing, heartbeat, reflexes |
| Respite Care | Temporary personal and nursing care to terminally ill people & their families |
| Secularization of Death | Practice of distinguishing death and pretending it doesn't exist AKA: bureacratization of death |
| Voluntary Euthanasia | Patient requests to be taken off all life-supporting systems |
| Estimation of time frame terminally ill individual has | Dying Trajectory |
| Unreceptivity and unresponsiveness, lack of movements or breathing, lack of reflexes, flat EEG | Physical Death - Harvard |
| Social Death | People no longer treated as individuals but as unthinking and unfeeling objects |
| Kubler-Ross's 5 stages of dying | Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
| Bereavement | Process of adapting to a person's death |
| Protest Grief | Denial, disbelief, anger accompanied by numbness, weeping bodily complaints |
| Despair Grief | Disorgainization, restlessness, searching |
| Detachment Grief | Begin pulling back and survivor begins to reorganize reality of loss and direct energies to other areas of concern |
| Adjustment Grief | Final stage where grieving person can talk about deceased without severe emotional upset |
| Death as great leveler | Everyone eventually dies regardless of class, race, etc |
| Death as great validator | Confirms status of distinction individual carried while alive |
| Death as radical transformer | Belief in being reuinited with deceased and changing life or anticipating death |
| Death as ultimate solution | Seen as resolution to prolonged crisis |
| Women | See death as merciful |
| Men | See death as antagonist mind-set |
| Young | See death as far in future demanding little if any attention |
| Middle Aged | Becoming more aware of death with biological changes but don't have time to resolve fears of dying |
| Old | Come to accept the inevitable & show less anxiety |
| Dying without pain/suffering | Euthanasia - Old term |
| Curosity, hope, apathy and relief | Also part of the stages of dying |
| Decreasing physical & emotion burdens of patient and family | Goal of hospice |
| Helping patient maintain dignity during dying process | Goal of hospice |
| Minimizing trauma of death for remaining family members | Goal of hospice |
| Bereaved | Being deprived of close relation or friend through death |
| Funeral | Social event allowing community to openly show respect for the deceased & support for the survivors |
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